Vocationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Vocationalism - Essay ExampleFor example, perceiving vocational breeding as a way to exit population with jobs and thus supply skil lead workers to industry would be logically coherent with the definition of vocationalism apt(p) above. However, such scope of the research would be useless, because the main question becomes pointless UK had lower unemployment rate below 25 year-olds than Germ both in 2004 (12.1% against 15.1% correspondingly2).Another view is applied in this essay integration of vocational bringing up into the social life of the country. Vocational education cannot be measured by sole employment rates, as it is only one of many factors determining employment. One may argue that detachment of vocational organisation from the workplace in the UK is not a weakness but a peculiarity developed inwardly a historical process. Indeed, one system of vocational education cannot be compared to another without assessing them in contexts of their countries. common chord mai n differences between German and British vocational education are identified, and observed one after(prenominal) another socialisation, companies participation, and the structure of education. Regardless of the term referred to them it is argued that gaps found within those differences would have increased the quality of vocational education in the UK if minimised. ... Germany is a more industrialised country than Britain, therefore its demand in vocational students is higher. German vocational school has more than a century of gentility experience, it provides apprentices with a rich training content and theoretical education well connected to a practice in companies. The successes of industrialisation achieved without any serious input from education in England have served as a base for the belief that established education is not helpful in providing preparation for future work3.The delay of development of vocational education in England had its consequences. For example, foll owing the 1944 Education Act only half the local authorities required to align up technical schools actually did so, with the result that at their peak only 3-5% of the school population tended to(p) technical secondary schools4.Social PerceptionHistorical distinctions of vocational education in the UK and Germany have led to different social perception of apprenticeship in these two countries. English vocational education has significant difficulties in retaining learners as they age, and, additionally, it appears to be ineffective in attracting the least well qualified5. Particularly, in-company training appears to be almost solely forgotten, while the school-based vocational courses at colleges and university courses are in much higher demand than non-academic in-company training. This contrasts with the situation in Germany6. German society has a positive experience of cooperation between schooling institutions and business companies supported with a long history. British stu dents attracted by comprehensive secondary system, low interest of companies for participation in vocational education on-site, and

Privacy and Surveillance in the Digital Age Movie Review

Privacy and Surveillance in the Digital Age - Movie Review exerciseThe story then enters its crucial phase when the system predicts that Anderton will future makeer of Leo shoot a line the person whom Anderton did not know. The epic then revolves around the attempts made by Anderton to escape from FBI and his fellow agents. He then successfully approached one of the psychics and is assisted by the program manager through investigation he receivedises that the program developer has left a control under him to design and manipulate the future.High-tech surveillance is the real entertainment offered by director Tony Scott in his movie oppositeness of State. The movie has focused upon application of the technical gadgets and software to trace and monitor the daily electronic communication of the Ameri so-and-so citizens to prevent terrorism. A peckerwood titled Telecommunications Security and Privacy Act was sent to legislation for approval, so far the bill was ostensibly spurned by Congressman, the legislator was then shot dead by National Security Agency, however the footage of the Congressman murder was recorded by photographer. The photographer is then traced while he was exchanging this information through telephone he was then traced however he managed to protect the evidence from the National Security Department. The evidence landed in the shopping bag of the lawyer Dean. The epic moves around the attempts by National Security Agency officials to resume the evidence from the lawyer Dean who is equally innovative and cautious about his security and has bugs installed at his place.Referring to the nonage Report, the access to future is acceptable, and carrying out attacks on the individuals based upon their future sins is arguable. The prosecutor was executed and justice is delivered afterward the crime, however in this epic the justice is delivered prior to the occurrence of the crime. The extent of the involvement of the security agencies in the pe rsonal life of the individuals only for the sake of National Security is not encouraging. At the end of the movie, it is cerebrate that the programming was corrupted by the developer such(prenominal) loopholes in the system further aggravate the situation, and develop disinclination among the masses to accept the change. (Discussion)I believe that if the criminals are executed based upon the information from future-teller then it is intrinsic that such system shall be error-proof. I understand that the security of the country is essential notwithstanding the figure out of the technology shall never be to an extent that it restricts and controls the liberty and freedom of the individual citizen. With reference to the movie Enemy of the State the importance of the intelligence information to prevent and identify the terrorists and criminals from the society cannot be ruled out, but if the same intelligence is being used to monitor and control the people who are opposed to such in telligence monitoring system then this is erroneous. The photographer was traced through the intelligence monitoring system however the person carried no terrorism-related affiliation. (Discussion)I personally believe that it is inappropriate application of the intelligence system which can harm the society. The intrusion and violation of the privacy is an offence, even if this is being done to prevent terrorism. I steadfastly believe that the lawmakers and intelligence agencies have to mutually define limits for the

Group Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Organizational ethical motive - Essay ExampleIn the interest of keeping a good customer happy and move to us over the long haul, I determined that the correct business course of action would be to actually reduce the price for this customer, rather than try to increase it. This was also the ethically correct social function to do because we were ripping off this particular customer as evidenced by the fact that the other(a) customers were paying far less. After some serious arm twisting, I was able to convince the conjunction that there is greater potential long-term profit if we reduce this customers price in order to put down up the business relationship. Fortunately, we were able to do this, and the customer now feels like they are treated fairly. I did not need to compromise my values or beliefs.Yes, I would have an obligation to stay connected, because I would be unlikely to suffer any harm. Under a deontological ethical approach, it is simply the right function to d o to sacrifice ones time in order to save the liveliness of another person. If the facts were a teeny-weeny bit different, and there was some risk to my own life, or I would be putting the life of another person at risk due to my lack of availability, it would be a reason to reconsider.

Saudi Arabia's geography offers more opportunities than constraints Essay

Saudi-Arabian Arabias geography offers more than opportunities than constraints - Essay ExampleThe vast coastline offers potentials for transport, and the unique geographic features are untapped tourist attraction sites that understructure signifi cornerstonetly develop the country. The paper, therefore, analyzes the positives of the location of Saudi Arabia in world geography as opposed to the sensed hindrances. It aims to instill information that Saudi Arabia is a land of opportunities, and the location is a blessing in disguise.As highlighted, Saudi Arabia is a big country in the Middle East. It borders seven countries some of which are Iraq, Oman, linked Arabs Emirates (UAE), Jordan, and Peoples Republic of Yemen. The exceptional topographical location provides Saudi Arabia with opportunities for becoming the accessible and strategic market for westside and east. The extensive boundaries also enhance the nations capacity to accommodate many products and the population is an nonsuch market for commodities from this nations. Therefore, the location is an excellent opportunity for market development and subsequent growth into an economic whiz-kid of the Middle East.Saudi Arabia borders large continental water masses. Particularly, it has a vast coastline on the Red sea and the Persian Gulf. The exclusive feature offers magnificent control in shipping and water transport. Specifically, the nation can benefit more by establishing structures for shipping crude oil from the region to other parts of the world. Likewise, the positioning makes it a transit route for export and import goods for other nations in the area. Utilizing the sea and developing sophisticated transport channels are some of the opportunities at the disposal of the Saudi Government. Hence, the coastline has great potentials of making Saudi Arabia a prominent logistic and transport center if well managed.Saudi Arabia has assorted geographic structures that allow grasslands, ranges fore sts, mountain, and deserts. Most of Saudi Arabia landmass comprises of desert. In addition, the country

Marks and Spencers Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marks and Spencers Competitive Advantage - Essay ExampleThis piece illustrates that strategic management is colligate to the conglomerateity which arises from ambiguous as well as non-routine circumstances organization-wide. It is an heavy management technique for the managers to control the available resources of the business organization on a day-to-day stand for the development of the company. Since strategic management is related to the difficult and complex issues of a business organization under(a) consideration therefore these issues also include business decisions and judgments. These decisions and judgments are based on the conceptualization of complex issues. The business-level strategy of the company is an important issue of strategic management for any organization which helps the company to carry the greater competitive advantage in the market. The business-level strategies comprise of two sets. The first set of strategy is related to the bases of competitive stra tegy. This set of strategies included competitive business strategies related to prices of goods and services, product and quality specialty and hybrid and focus. The second set of strategies includes business strategies which are related to the aim of the business organization to pass on competitive advantage. These strategies include sustainability strategies, hypercompetitive strategies, and collaboration strategies. Competitive strategy is regarded as the most important element which is utilise by business organizations to acquire the greater competitive advantage in the market. This strategy includes pricing strategies, note strategies etc. to achieve the desired goal. These strategies affect the preference and choice patterns of customers and thus help the business unit of measurement to reach its desired destination of higher competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is acquired by business units by dint of effective differentiation of products based on proper enviro nmental and societal conditions and performances.

Classification of the Applications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classification of the Applications - Assignment fontHackers cannot use this application in some unacceptable way because even in the case, of getting rag to the configuration of the application hacker can only block the access to some certain sites and drug user of the computer can remove the application and reinstall it with the correct configurations. Prey is quite effective software package used for spark advanceing laptop, phone, tablet or another portable computer to remotely locate it and lock. The user can find it even if the device is stolen. To do so, the owner can log into the electronic net thrash-service and turn on the sounding of alarm or showing of the onscreen message that go forth inform the thief about the hunt club engaged for him. The user can find the device even if he/she has lost it or odd somewhere. To make it work user should install little software on the desired device and it will wait for the remote signal and will activate the system to swing t he location of the device. Moreover finished the online service owner can gather all information about the device, lock it down, etc.For subscriber line purposes, managers can use Prey to lock down business phones, which are used by workers in an unacceptable manner or to trace the activity of the users. Moreover, with the right approach, Prey can help for logistics to track devices installed on the transports and to know their routes, to enhance logistic schemes.With enough experience, hacker can hack the main web interface and get keys and locations of the devices, to get personal information from them or just lock down them. however such scenario is almost impossible.Keylogger is software which register, store and supply information that is entered through the keyboard. Such application work implicitly and only one, who installed this application knows about its existence.Home user can use this application to track activity of the children in the given computer. The applicatio n will store every information children enter or copy/paste on the computer.

Brazilian Real Currency Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

brazil-nut treeian true(a) Currency Report - Research Paper ExampleThe objective of this paper is to shed some elucidate on the key factors affecting the behavior (in wrong of appreciation) of the real, and specifically to evaluate the extent to which the expanding size of brazils oil sector in the economy has influenced the explanation of these events. Oil production in brazil-nut tree has been growing strongly since the turn of the millennium. A variety of energy policies which brought competition in the oil commercialise and abolished subsidies to price controls and imports has supported these developments. This is despite the fact that the industry is still dominated by Petrobas, the state-owned corporation (Kumar 25). release forward, Brazils economy is likely to become increasingly dependent on oil production, oddly of offshore oil, for both local use and export (Guimara?es 19). Petrobas discovered huge oil militia that have been estimated to have the capability to do uble the soils current reserves, propelling the country to among the go past 10 countries with respect to oil reserves alone. Oil developments have had a significant impact in explaining the movements of step in rates, in addition to traditional factors. In a majority of equations, the productivity differential and crystallize foreign assets have been found to be crucial determinants of the true effective exchange rate in the long-term (Kumar 47). Net foreign assets have also been found to be the factor affecting the virtually exchange-rate fluctuations in the short term. Oil production appears to be significant for movements in the real effective exchange rate in the long term. The case is similar in the oil export and the two standards of the terms of trade. In the short term, however, these variables appear to have an insignificant, if not fairly limited impact (World Trade labour 44). Exchange Rate Regime Brazil has implemented a governed floating exchange rate regime. Thi s operator that the exchange rate is free-floating and can shift daily in line with the supply and demand in the market. If necessary, the Brazilian exchange Bank can intervene in exchange rate. Interventions occur in 3 conditions to manage extreme volatility that may affect the markets normal functioning to slump monetary and localized instability in liquidity and to grow foreign exchange rate reserves (Frieden & Stein 37). Balance of Payments (BOP) Position The Central Bank of Brazil (CBB), via the Balance of Payments Division of its Economic Department, is tasked with amenable for compiling, monitoring, and analyzing Brazils balance of payments data (Frieden & Stein 74). In addition to this, it publishes and disseminates this data. The pristine sources of information for compiling the entries of balance of payments goods argon reports from the Secretariat of Federal Revenue of the Ministry of Finance, the Foreign Trade Secretariat of the Ministry of Development, Foreign Trad e, and Industry. For other BOP transactions, the primary source is the exchange record a comprehensive statement of the exchange operations compiled by the Central Bank of Brazils Foreign Capital and Exchange Department and reported by the countrys banks. Brazils current BOP, in US dollars, is -52, 480,127,065 (Kumar 84). Purchasing Power Parity Brazils current purchasing power parity is $2.362 trillion (2012 estimates) (Guimara?es 59). Interest

APP5Hinton,N-Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APP5Hinton,N-Environmental - Essay spokespersonMalaria, which is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium is transmitted through infected mosquito bites. The disease can be detrimental if its kept untreated till a stage that the blood supply to zippy organs is disrupted (WHO, 2009). The World health Organization has released some alerting statistics with regard to the outspread of Malaria. Their reports theme that on an average unmatchable child dies every second because of malaria. As per the records of 2006, there were 247 million cases of malaria of which one million accounted to death (WHO, 2009). The most of these cases were from the African lands. Another alarming reality is that almost half of the worlds community is at risk of malaria (WHO, 2009). Taking an account of the economic damage that the disease causes, it has been estimated that almost 1.3% slow put through is caused in the economic growth of countries with high rates of malaria incurrence (WHO, 2009). Up to 40% of the total budget for earth heath is With regard to all these dangers, it becomes much important to control mosquitoes, which are the vectors of the disease (WHO, 2009). The role of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane thus becomes of much relevance. The reasons that have been pointed out in favor of DDT being preferred oer other 12 recommended insecticides are its longer residual efficacy, the spatial repellency and the irritant effect (WHO, 2007). Resultantly, rather than kill the mosquitoes, they are repelled to the outdoor surroundings (WHO, 2007)However, the use of DDT has been proved to have many long termination health effects coupled with damages to the environment, wildlife and the ecology in totality. There are a numerate of scientifically relevant researches which have confirmed the irreversible damages caused by DDT. The hydrophobic nature of the chemic makes it strongly absorbed to the soil and the green environment. This can cause irreversible damage to the organic rack and the structure of the

Cashflow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cashflow - Essay Exampleons or contributing - in spite of the feature that this likewise happens as a consequence of gifts or blessings on account of individual fund (Deveau, 2015). funds outpourings result from costs or ventures. This remains constant for both business and individual money.The primary internal stride in safekeeping up a positive hard cash flow is putting a financial plan set up. One of the ways of controlling income is by getting ready and keeping up a capital forecast (Niven, 2013). Significantly, forecasting has key impact in deciding wide haul financing needs. Credit control and obligation recuperation are imperative figures in big(p) income administration. Attempts to pay in time mean suppliers will be more prone to arrange deals with lusty clients (Deveau, 2015). Issue updates when an installment is late and after that pursuit up also create positive possibilities. in that location is a need for considering charging punishment enthusiasm for late plan h ow to manage non-payment (Niven, 2013). Entrepreneurs additionally need to move over careful consideration to their receivable and payable cycles. Finally, pricing needs to bode well.Deveau, D. (2015). Planning ahead makes for stronger cash flow. Financialpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015, from

Corporate Compliance Plan for Riordan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate residence Plan for Riordan - Essay ExampleAs such a framework of codes of conduct and regulations which are in conformity with the various Federal, State and international laws is to be built. Such a Frame work shall be as a means and tool to mitigate any realizable heavy gambles and liabilities The compliance proposal should move ahead with Enterprise Risk wariness as a starting point with COSO risk guidelines as a basis (Steinberg, 2011). From a risk and liability mitigation perspective, the most impending looking of the issues arising come out of the numerous vexation and related transactions would be the underlying conflict. Thus, a separate utensil for addressing the conflicts or disputes emanating from business transactions should be put in place. In order to avoid risque litigation costs, a more preventive approach for conflict resolution that is Alternative Dispute stoppage should be implemented such that it is in consonance with ADR clause of the appl icable Local/Regional and International Laws. Riordan already has a corporate governance plan in existence. As per the plan, the Riordan Board of Directors should carry out the overall responsibility of the caller as per the state corporate requirements. The plan specifies the board leadership roles, stipend and performance criteria, meetings etiquette and proceedings, committee matters and membership as well as operational and financial responsibilities of the board. Riordan has appointed Lowell Bradford the level-headed Counsel who directly oversees the intelligent matters for the company. All the legal matters from various departments are forwarded to him, which he addresses based on his experience and knowledge and when required in consultation with Litteral and Finkel, the International Law Firm retained by the company. As per the above discussion in light of the most recent strategic decision of the company to move its China operations from Hangzhou to Shanghai, the possib le legal risks and the liabilities shall be addressed as follows ADR Riordan should stipulate guidelines for its legal department to follow in order to avoid possible costly litigations as also the long term effectiveness of the conflict resolution. Towards the same goal, it should adopt an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) strategy which is in consonance with the ADR clause of the state corporation laws. As an effective strategy, the most important aspect of ADR from business conflict resolution viewpoint is to adopt a win-win attitude (Barbara & Corvette, p. 266). Based on the COSO risk management strategy (Steinberg, 2011), Riordan should decide upon whether Mediation or Arbitration would be an effective approach in the presumptuousness situation. As such the authority to decide upon the same should rest with Lowell Bradford, the legal counsel. The authority to choose the justice and/or mediator for the same shall also rest with Mr. Bradford, however, he shall have a consul tative role, whereas the legal board of Directors shall have a collective and final say in the matter. However, a Binding-mediation strategy (Jentz, Miller, & Cross, 2008, p. 40) shall be the most appropriate strategy for Riordan. The possible disputes that might arise from the relocation in the form of possible disagreement with the existing workforce over the termination of work contracts as well as seller contracts resulting from the relocation. In order to address and mitigate the possible risks of disputes arising from

Expansion and Merger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expansion and Merger - Essay Example objet dart accessible regulation is used to attain social goals, for instance, shielding the publics safety and health or keeping a healthy and clean environment. judicatures in market economies should institute and defend the right to private property and to the monetary gains resulting from the utilization of that property. Gaughan (2010) claims that in defining and implementing property rights and upholding an effectual legal system, governments may create a social environment that permits private markets for the majority of goods and services to task successfully and with extensive, popular support. These elite rights give the proprietors, whether corporations or individuals, exclusive rights to trade or otherwise advertise their products and creations for a given duration. The number of monopolies is essentially shrimpy and relates to a small percentage of the economic action in key market economies. It is common for a problem to occur due to industry domination by a few successful firms (Halibozek and Kovacich, 2005). on that point is an actual threat that these corporations may conspire to set high prices and prevent entry by novel, competing firms. To require such monopolies and conspiracy behaviour, and to uphold a more efficient level of antagonism in the economic system, supposed antitrust laws give way been enacted in key market economies, including the United States. Governments in market economies have significant responsibility in offering the economic environment, which the bazaar of private corporations can task nigh effectively. A Hilbert (2007) states, one such function is to supply a widely conventional, unwavering currency and to uphold the worth of that currency through guidelines that restrict inflation. As a result of elevated unemployment and low inflation, governments sum up the availability of money, which decreases interest rates. Lower interest rates motivate investment expenditure by businesses pursuit to develop and employ more workers. During low unemployment and high inflation, policymakers increase interest rates, thereby decreasing the availability of credit and the supply of money (Hilbert, 2007). Justify the reason for the involvement of government, in the market process, in the U.S. Government intervention in the market process is crucial, since there argon key differences in the governments duty, in the market sectors of the United States economy. The state and local governments are the direct providers of majority (92%) services, and government employees are service providers. In addition, quasi-political government bureaucracies make decisions about the methods of production. Nevertheless, government programs and policies substantially reduce the costs of instruction and medical care for the end users. Market redistributive considerations and imperfections can explain the government involvement in a market economy. Let us assume that the merger fac es some threats and the industry resolves on self-expansion the probable strategy, line the complexities that would emerge under the new idea of expansion via capital projects. Identifying the costs of monetary distress, creditors of rising firms gossip for detailed agreements to guard themselves against possible managerial incompetence and opportunism. These agreements are probably to be particularly constricting for highly-leveraged

Ethical Theories identified in (bazerman) and the Essay - 1

Ethical Theories identify in (bazerman) and the - Essay ExampleFirstly, utilitarianism is established on the principle that ethical choices should be established with their consequences. hoi polloi always consider the probabilities of their decisions when deciding what to do. Furthermore, Utilitarianism is trying to do the utmost good for the highest number of individuals. Thus, Utilitarian attempt is frequently used by leaders to ethical decision-making. In contrast to utilitarianism, Kant categorical imperative argues that no matter the consequences, people should always do what is morally right. Moreover, the word categorical means devoid of exception. However, Kents approach to ethical reasoning is the best-recognized deontological ethics. The deontological ethics argues decisions ought to be made according to our duties to trail universal truths that argon engraved on our sense of right and wrong. Lastly, violation of these morals is indicated by guilt. Thirdly, justice as jus tice guarantees equal opportunities and rights behind the shroud of ignorance. Lastly, Communitarianism states that individuals should shoulder their responsibilities and pursue the common good (Johnson, 2014).In the study of some(prenominal) discipline, as well as leadership theories atomic number 18 important. The theories explain the relations among significant variables and concepts, organize discipline in a field and help practitioners and scholars to make predictions about the strategies that will be effective. Moreover, approaches to leadership theoretically, get off into one of the two classifications prescriptive or descriptive. Therefore, the descriptive theory describes the way leaders behave. Further, researchers earlier on discovered two fundamental dimensions to the styles of leadership. They included relationship and task. They discovered that while other leaders are focused more on building better relationships with members, others are focused more on tasks. Howe ver, the normative leadership theory advises leaders how

Qualitative Research Paper Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

qualitative Critique - Research Paper Exampleonal Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Department of Women and Child Health, Division of productive and Perinatal Health Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 263)The investigators identified the training approach through explicitly defining the aim and noting that the study would entail conducting interviews, observation and field notes under the portion of data collection (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, pp. 265-266).The authors used a impartial and comprehensible language that assisted in presenting relevant concepts and expounding on the approach. Likewise, relevant terms were countenance defined under a heading entitled Definitions which came after the Data Collection portion (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 266).To contact the aim of exploring cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia as related by w omen accompanying labouring women to maternal quality units (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 265), the data collection method (use of interviews, observation and field notes, as indicated) and the data analysis techniques (use of EPI-INFO software to realize quantitative information and the use of content analysis for the qualitative interpretation) (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 266) were appropriate. These approaches effectively evaluated the results and the design incorporated masking piece factors that could adversely affect the outcome.The significant or importance of the study was not explicitly stated only when the portion which was presented as What this paper adds (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 272) as value added information.The studys potential contribution to care for included illuminating health care practitioners on the role of cultural practices and beliefs during the pregnancy period (from prenat al to antenatal) as influential to

Marketing Plan McDonald's North America Research Paper

Marketing Plan McDonalds North America - seek Paper ExampleThe mascot of the store Ronald McDonalds is a orbiculate icon. He has been instrumental in the firms ability to carry through the highest nutriment market share among kids in the pains. The organization has a huge customer can that allowed the store to serve 64 million customers on a daily basis (Aboutmcdonalds, 2011). The financial surgery of the company in 2010 was outstanding. The net income and net margin of the firm in 2010 were $4,946 million and 20.54% respectively. The product var. of the company is excellent. This provides the customers with many eating alternatives to choose from. The company just like any other vocation has weaknesses. One of the weaknesses of McDonalds is that it competes in an extremely saturated industry. There are approximately 160,000 fast food restaurants in the United States. A second weakness of the firm is that a lot of its food products are non nutritional since they have high contents of fat. As the industry leader the company is a bell ringer of its followers who often include anti-McDonalds campaigns in their advertisements. The high cost of acquiring a McDonalds franchise has become a weakness that will make it harder for the company in the future to fancy a large pool of franchisee applicants. The organization also charges extremely high royalties. Franchisees have to pay a 12% royalty on sales and a 4% advertising fee. This means that the franchisee gets to keep tho 84% of the revenues generated by the store. There are opportunities that McDonalds can capitalize on to continue to achieve growth and prosperity and to improve the brand value of the company. The firm can increase its product crack to include more products that have lower fat content. The use of wheat flatbread and tortillas can be employ to add several healthy products that can attract dieters, diabetics, and healthy eaters. Another opportunity for McDonalds is to create a new cu stomer reward program. The new customer reward program would give its customers a 6% food reference for future purchases. The creation of this program would beat the best program in the industry which is the Burger Kings BK reward which gives customers in certain states and US territories a 5% credit towards future purchases (Mybkrewardscard, 2011). A growth opportunity for the company is mobile food trucks. McDonalds should design and aggressively market mobile McDonalds food vending trucks. These food trucks would offer a limited McDonalds menu. Two advantages of fling these trucks are lower franchisee entry cost and lower operating costs. Distress in the US and global economy is a threat to McDonalds. The rising unemployment in the United States is decreasing the disposable income of its citizens. The unemployment rate in the United States in August of 2011 was 9.1% (Tradingeconomics, 2011). When the population has lower income people spend less money eating outside of home. The trend towards healthier eating is another threat to McDonalds. Fast foods are by genius an unhealthy meal. Another threat to McDonalds is increased education among the population about the health dangers of high phthisis of red meats. High consumption of red meat increases risk of cancer, heart disease and it lower intent expectancy (Brody, 2009). Competition McDonalds faces direct and indirect competition from many sectors. There are thousands of fast food restaurant competing in the fast food industry. Many cafes, bakeries, mobile food

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Knowledge Management - Essay causeThus, contemporary KM theories can roughly be classified into three study categories 1. Technology- guidanceed primary focus on the enhancement of technologies that facilitate sharing/growth of companionship. 2. Organisational designing and reshaping the organisational environment in a authority to facilitate knowledge playes. 3. Ecological focus on the interaction process within the organisational environment involving people, knowledge and environmental factors (Gordon & Edge, 1997). A similar categorisation of the KM approaches is suggested in perhaps the only formal taxonomy of KM up to date. Michael Earl (2001) based his research on comprehensive empirical data to identify three major schools of KM Technocratic emphasis on information or technologies of KM.Economic knowledge should be managed similarly to otherwise assets (e.g. stock, bonds, etc).Behavioural focus on knowledge exchange as a fundamentally social process (p. 224).However, mo dern models and theories of models are often difficult to fit in this taxonomy due to their integrative nature which encompasses elements of separately school. The below overview provides some key concepts and theories associated with effective KM ashes. Main BodyOne popular KM approach widely used these days is a so-called pragmatic management. Though it is non classified in the Earls classical taxonomy pragmatic management is recently becoming increasingly popular, especially in the small to affection organisations. This approach seems rather close to Earls behavioural paradigm that views knowledge management and knowledge exchange as fundamentally social processes.The main difference of this paradigm lies in the fact that it doesnt imply serious investments in the employees and their all-round... this paper describes the basic idea of knowledge management which is universal doing what is needed to get the most out(a) of knowledge resources its practical implementation may vary in each particular case. The variations are not too serious and mostly concern the share of attention paid to either technological or human aspect of KM while the key principles remain similar in the modern models of KM explicit and tacit knowledge, interactive nature of KM processes, increased attention cognitive and motivational aspects of KM. Therefore, the differences in KM systems implemented are mostly associated with different organizational structures and demands of the companies. Although the challenges related to designing/implementation of effective KM strategy are serious the practice continues to demonstrate that they are not compelling. The most inherent of these challenges are identified in the professional literature as well as the alternative shipway and tools to cope with them.Tu sum up this paper approves that the major factors contributing to the failures of knowledge management strategies are extremely changeable global environment, coupled with failure to take a holistic approach to designing the system of knowledge management, and substantial resources required to design and implement a truly effective KM programme. Evidently, the low gear of these drawbacks has received better recognitions from the theorists whom develop KM models, programmes, and strategies for modern organisations.

Siddharta Essay Essay Example for Free

Siddharta Essay EssayTeachers are beta fingers breadths in everyones life they prepare for futurity day events teaching lessons and giving suggestions. The book Siddhartha, written by the German author Herman Hesse, shows a perfect mannequin of education and understanding given by disparate types of teachers. The acquaintance, Siddhartha, is the son of a Brahmin, and he has an assured future as a religious figure. He is unhappy and unsatisfied in the beginning of the novel he cant find the right answer to his questions. He distrusts teachers, because they didnt teach him the life lessons he wanted. He doesnt think his actual life can lead him to nirvana, the maximum status of rejoicing and understanding of the self. The following quote proves this statement Siddhartha had started to enquire for discontent in himself he had started to feel that the experience of his father and the love of his mother, and also the love of his friend, Govinda, would not bring him joy for ever and ever, would not nurse him, feed him, satisfy him. (Hesse 5).He decides to embark in a journey to reach enlightenment, and during this spiritual alley he learns some life lessons through persons considered untraditional teachers, people who influenced his life, and taught him indirectly, such as Govinda, Kamala and Kamaswami. The first instructor that Siddhartha acquires knowledge from is Govinda, one of the around influential characters in the novel Siddharthas best friend, companion and disciple. He is unlikely to be a teacher, mostly because of his follower behavior, but despite the readers thought process of him in the beginning, he reveals himself as one of the most meaning(a) nontraditional teachers. The main feature of Govinda is the item that he doesnt choose his experience path, he always is a follower. Hesse emphasizes Govindas status by defining him as a fanny Govinda wanted to follow him as a friend, his companion, his servant, his lance bearer, his shado w (4-5). Initially he assists Siddhartha in his quest for enlightenment, but when he encounters another master, Buddha (an enlightened person with a group of followers), he decides to apply his philosophy and to become one of his disciples.This character is really important for Siddhartha, because, in the moment of his friends worst depression, the climax of his journey, he saves him. A clear evidence of this feature is thefollowing quote I saw you lying and sleeping in a place where is redoubted to sleep. Therefore I sought to wake you up oh sir (67). This shows how Govinda circumspections about his friend and takes the role of a nontraditional teacher. Another quote that proves the fact that Govinda has a savior role is the following one Once, O fitting one, many years ago, you came to this river and found a man sleeping there. You sat beside him to guard him while he slept, but you did not recognize the sleeping man, Govinda (95). The main teaching he taught to Siddhartha is that he has to find his own path he has to embark on his own journey to reach the understanding of the self. This character impart remain important even in the end of the story, because the novel finishes with his words, meaning that Siddhartha has become a teacher, the figure he distrusted. The second influent person in the protagonists is Kamala she is an attractive courtesan that makes the protagonist fall in love with her.Before Siddhartha met Kamala all he knew was thinking, waiting, and fasting(46). The main character meets her during a full stop on his life where he tries to focus on material things he tries to find a different way to understand the self. Kamala represents Siddharthas entering into the world of greed and lust. She is considered a teacher because she teaches him some important life lessons she shows him the best of what the material world has to offer. This quote proves her status as a teacher If it doesnt displease you, Kamala, I would like to ask you to be my friend and teacher, for I know nothing barely of that art which you have mastered in the highest degree (50). Kamala makes Siddhartha realize that the material world isnt seemly to satisfy him, it isnt the right choice for his path and the right way to reach nirvana.He conditioned from her that he could not expect to receive love unless he gave it first. She taught him the the value and the meaning of the life in which he was living and the moments he had spent with her are considered good. She instructs Siddhartha in the art of physical love In addition to being Siddharthas lover, Kamala helps him to leave his ascetic life as a Samana behind. When he met her, he had some ideas and principles of his previous ascetic group, in fact he was a simple Samana from the forest(45). Siddhartha, thanks to the scenic courtesan, understands what love is, and after some time they give birth to a son.Her teachings include also outdoor aspect and clothes I am beginning to learn from you. I alreadylearned something yesterday. already got rid of my beard, I have combed and oiled my hair. There is not much more that is lacking, most excellent lady fine clothes, fine shoes and money in my purse (54). Her goal is to ready him about sex and human passions. Although Siddhartha becomes disillusioned in the end, because of the emptiness of his life in the material world, he cites Kamala as one of his primary teachers on his journey to find nirvana.The third important teacher is Siddharthas journey is Kamaswami, an older businessman who represents an instructive figure mainly because he teaches him the art of business. The protagonist, referred by Kamala, puts himself in the old mans hands. Under his guidance, Siddhartha successfully enters into the society of city-dwellers When Kamaswami came to him to complain about his troubles or to take him to task over some business deal, he would listen with good humor and sideline, marveling over him, hard to understand him. He woul d allow him to think he was right to the extent that he seemed to require and because would move on to the next person who sought his attention (75). Kamaswami tries to teach Siddhartha about business life. He shows him the accounts, the goods and warehouses (65).While Siddhartha is working for him, he realizes that business doesnt satisfy him, it doesnt create any interest more particularly, it does not stir his heart (66). Another quote that proves the statement is His heart was not therefore in business (69). Material things do not interest Siddhartha, in fact he hears a voice inside him, telling him that business and money are a game Kamaswami conducted his business with care and often with passion, but Siddhartha regarded it all as a game (66). The old man, as a laden merchant, has qualities that Siddhartha refuses as a Samana. The businessman is obsessed with wealth, so there is a noticeable contrast between them. The life lesson he learns from Kamaswami is that material thi ngs create unhappiness. He realizes that money and business are not important they are just temporary things.During his journey, Siddhartha learns some life lessons from different teachers like Govinda, Kamala and Kamaswami. All these instructive figures bear to his accomplishment, contribute to the achievement of enlightenment and were indispensable to his spiritual mutation. ThroughoutSiddhartha condemns and left his teachers, in the end he becomes one. For his whole journey he is the one who learns, and all his past experience leads him to become the one who teaches. convey to those teachers, he finally finds what he has been looking for, after all the sacrifices he did and all the difficulties he has been through.

Objectivist Epistemology and Ayn Rand Essay Example for Free

Objectivist Epistemology and Ayn Rand EssayThe starting point of Objectivist Epistemology is the principle, presented by Rand as a direct consequence of the metaphysical axiom that Existence is Identity, that Knowledge is Identification. Objectivist epistemology9 studies how one digest try perception, i. e. , awareness acquired through the senses, into valid concepts that actu each(prenominal)y identify the facts of reality. Objectivism states that by the method of dry land man raise gain knowledge (identification of the facts of reality) and rejects philosophical skepticism.Objectivism also rejects faith and feeling as centre of attaining knowledge. Although Rand acknowledged the sizeableness of emotion in humans, she maintained that the existence of emotion was part of our reality, not a separate means of achieving awareness of reality. Rand was neither a classical empiricist (like Hume or the logical positivists) nor a classical rationalist (like Plato, Descartes, or F rege). She disagreed with the empiricists mainly in that she considered perception to be simply sensation extended over time, limiting the take off of mountains of perception to automatic, pre-cognitive awareness.Thus, she categorized so-called perceptual illusions as errors in cognitive interpretation due to complexness of perceptual data. She held that objective identification of the determine of attributes of existents is obtained by measurement, broadly defined as procedures whose perceptual component, the parity of the attributes value to a standard, is so simple that an error in the resulting identification is not possible tending(p) a focused mind.Therefore, according to Rand, knowledge obtained by measurement (the fact that an entity has the measured attribute, and the value of this attribute relative to the standard) is contextually certain. Ayn Rands most distinctive contribution in epistemology is her theory that concepts are properly organize by measurement omissi on. Objectivism distinguishes valid concepts from poorly formed concepts, which Rand calls anti-concepts. While we can know that something exists by perception, we can only identify what exists by measurement and logic, which are necessary to turn percepts into valid concepts.Procedural logic (defined by Rand as the art of non-contradictory identification) specifies that a valid concept is formed by omitting the variable measurements of the values of corresponding attributes of a set of instances or units, but keeping the list of shared attributes a scout with measurements omitted as the criterion of membership in the conceptual class. When the fact that a unit has all the attributes on this list has been verified by measurement, then that unit is known with contextual certainty to be a unit of the given concept.9 Because a concept is only known to be valid within the range of the measurements by which it was validated, it is an error to deliver that a concept is valid outside this range, which is its (contextual) scope. It is also an error to assume that a proposition is known to be valid outside the scope of its concepts, or that the conclusion of a syllogism is known to be valid outside the scope of its premises. Rand ascribed scope violation errors in logic to epistemological intrinsicism. 94Rand did not consider the analytic-synthetic distinction, including the view that there are truths in virtue of meaning, or that necessary truths and numeral truths are best understood as truths in virtue of meaning, to have merit. She similarly denied the existence of a priori knowledge. Rand also considered her ideas distinct from foundationalism, naive realism about perception like Aristotle, or representationalism (i. e. , an indirect realist who believes in a veil of ideas) like Descartes or Locke.Objectivist epistemology, like most other philosophical branches of Objectivism, was first presented by Rand in Atlas Shrugged. 5 It is more fully developed in Ra nds 1967 Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. 9 Rand considered her epistemology and its basis in reason so central to her philosophy that she remarked, I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egotism and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows.

Lesson Plan Essay Example for Free

Lesson Plan EssayIn juvenile times there are opposing views about the practice of pedagogics. There is no general promise about what the young should subscribe either in affinity to virtue or in relation to the best life nor is it clear whether their pedagogics ought to be directed more towards the intellect than towards the character of the soul. And it is non certain whether training should be directed at things useful in life, or at those causative to virtue, or at non-essentials. And there is no agreement as to what in fact does tend towards virtue. men do not all prize most laid-backly the same virtue, so naturally they discord also about the proper training for it. Aristotle wrote that passage more than 2,300 years ago, and today educators are mute debating the issues he raised. Different approaches to resolving these and other fundamental issues have given rise to different indoctrinates of purpose in the philosophical system of education. We will examine f ive such schools of thought Essentialism, Progressivism, Perennialism, Existentialism, and Behaviorism. Each has many supporters in American education today.Taken together, these five schools of thought do not exhaust the list of likely educational philosophies you may adopt, but they certainly present strong frameworks from which you can create your own educational philosophy. Essentialism Gripping and enduring interests frequently grow out of initial learning efforts that are not sympathetic or attractive. William Bagley Essentialism refers to the handed-down or Back to the Basics approach to education. It is so named because it strives to instill students with the essentials of donnish intimacy and character phylogeny.The term essentialism as an educational philosophy was originally popularized in the 1930s by the American educator William Bagley (1874A1946). The philosophy itself, however, had been the dominant approach to education in America from the beginnings of Amer ican history. Early in the twentieth century, essentialism was criticized as being too rigid to prepare students adequately for adult life. But with the intromission of Sputnik in 1957, interest in essentialism revived. Among modern supporters of this position are members of the Presidents Commission on Excellence in Education.Their 1983 report, A Nation at Risk, mirrors essentialist concerns today. Underlying Philosophical Basis (American) essentialism is grounded in a nonprogressive philosophy that accepts the social, political, and economic structure of American society. It contends that schools should not try to radically reshape society. Rather, essentialists argue, American schools should transmit the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens.Essentialists believe that teachers should instill such traditional American virtues as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practical ity. Reflecting its conservative philosophy, essentialism ten(tends to accept the philosophical views associated with the traditional, conservative elements of American society. For example, American culture traditionally has l)placed tremendous emphasis on the central importance of tile physical world and of understanding the world through scientific experimentation.As a result, to convey big knowledge about our world, essentialist educators evince discipline in natural science rather than non-scientific disciplines such as philosophy or comparative religion. The Essentialist Classroom Essentialists urge that the most essential or basic pedantic skills and knowledge be taught to all students. Traditional disciplines such as math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature excogitate the foundation of the essentialist curriculum. Essentialists frown upon vocational, lift-adjustment, or other courses with watered down academic content.Elementary students receive instruction in skills such as writing, reading, measurement, and computers. Even while learning art and music, subjects most often associated with the development of creativity, the students are required to master a body of information and basic techniques, gradually moving from less(prenominal) to more complex skills and detailed knowledge. Only by mastering the required material for their grade take aim are students promote(l to the next higher grade. Essentialist programs are academically rigorous, for both slow and fast learners. The report A Nation at Risk reflects the essentialist emphasis on rigor.It calls for more core requirements, a longer school day, a longer academic year, and more challenging textbooks. Moreover, essentialists maintain that classrooms should be oriented around the teacher, who ideally serves as an intellectual and moral role model for the students. The teachers or administrators decide what is most important for the students to learn and place little emphasis on student interests, particularly when they divert time and attention from the academic curriculum. Essentialist teachers focus heavily on achievement test scores as a means of evaluating progress.In an essentialist classroom, students are taught to be culturally literate, that is, to cause a working knowledge about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have mold American society. Reflecting the essentialist emphasis on technological literacy, A Nation at Risk recommends that all high school students complete at least one semester of computer science. Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will possess not only basic skills and an extensive body of knowledge, but also disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying school lessons in the real world.Progressivism We may, I think, discover certain common principles amid the variety of progressive schools now existing. To botheration from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individ uality to external discipline is opposed free practise to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience to achievement of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal to preparation for a more or less remote future is opposed qualification the most of the opportunities of present life to statistics and materials is opposed experience with a changing world. John Dewey Progressivisms respect for individuality, its high regard for science, and its receptivity to change harmonized soundly with the American environment in which it was created.The person most responsible for the success of progressivism was John Dewey (1859-1952). Dewey entered the field of education as a liberal social reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology. In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey ounded the famous Laboratory School as a interrogation ground for his educational ideas. Deweys writings and his work with the Laboratory School set the stage for the progressive education political campaign, which, beginning in the 1920s, has produced major lasting innovations in American education. The progressivist movement stimulated schools to broaden their curricula, making education more relevant to the needs and interests of students.Its influence waned during the 1950s, particularly after the 1957 launching of Sputnik by the Soviets prompted schools to emphasize traditional instruction in math, science, foreign languages, and other defense-related subjects. In the late 1960s and 1970s, under the feigning of citizenship education and educational relevance, many of Deweys ideas enjoyed a renewed popularity that decreased again during the education reform movement of the 1980s.

Best Practices and Strategies Essay Example for Free

Best Practices and Strategies EssayEx functional, conglomerate, and divisional. For this list of practices we will intent the divisional design. a. Divisional Design aka M form (the M stands for multidivisional) Is made up of separate, semi independent units or divisions and each division has its own goals to fill. 6) Culture Refers to the set of values that admirers its members understand what the organization stands for how it wants to accomplish what it wants to accomplish, and what it considers important. 7) Human Resource Strategy Implementation Requires an understanding of undamental individual and interpersonal behavioral process. b. Individual abut Psychological Contracts Personality Motivation and Stress. c. Organizational system and Process Understanding of the ca mathematical functions of try on, the process by which stress affects individuals can cope better with stress in organizational settings. d. Interpersonal multitude Process Group Behavior Leadership an d Communication. Select one (1) the integrated strategies discussed in Chapter 4 and formulate a military man resource strategy that will support the corporate strategy.Cost leadership strategy is one that foc spends on minimizing the cost as much as possible. This strategy allows the firm to charge the lowest possible prices for its products, thereby presumably generating an overall train of revenue. A human resource strategy that will support this corporate strategy would be a. Efficiency Ratio keeping expenses low with earnings being soaring. b. Learning rationalise maintaining training and continues training of employees. c. Good Purchasing approach acquiring goods or services to accomplish the goals of the firm. . Maintaining a la mode(p) technology helps maintain inventory control, which in return helps ensure products to customers. e. Strategic tradeing mix to help ensure market leadership f. Superior customer service series of activities designed to enhance the level o f customer satisfaction. Competitive or above average pay, employee advancement, and employee incentivizes. g. Product leadership concept which describes delivering state of the cheat products in the market. Discuss the result Guys business strategy.Identify three (3) other businesses that could use the five (5) questions the Fruit Guys used to determine effectiveness and identify three (3) businesses in which the business strategy would non exert well. Provide a rationale for your answer. The business strategy that the Fruit Guys uses is the defender strategy. Defender strategy whole shebang best when a business operates in an environment with relatively little uncertainty and risk and high degree of stability. The goal of the defender is to identify for itself a relatively narrow niche in the market and then to direct a limited set of products or services at he niche. afterwards reviewing the website of the Fruit Guys, their niche is to provide odorous healthy brain food as the fruit guys appertain to it as such to the premises of the workplace. As healthy foods to the office can boost productivity, improve health and help companies improve their bottom line. The Fruit Guys fills thousands of business of businesses in America with seasonal fresh fruit varying from small family businesses, to major Fortune 500 companies.With their customers sharing their idea on health, and the environment, this helps need stability to the company, while their employees bring in pride, giving high productivity levels. The five questions that the Fruit Guys put up based their strategy on is I. Have we been respectful to the people we work with employees, coworkers, and customers? II. Have we been responsible to their necessitate? III. Have we been realistic with them about what we can or cannot do? IV. Can we take personal function for the situation? V.Are we going to be remembered positively? Three companies that could use the five questions to work for their bus inesses argon a) Car Dealerships (especially Used Car dealerships) b) Construction Companies c) Cleaning Company Three Companies that would not benefit from the use of the five questions are a) Jc Pennys b) Walmart c) BJS Wholesale Club (ex Costco) My reasoning behind my choices for the use of the five questions are these companies are more hands on with their companies, and actually rely on word of mouth business and repeat business.Without these referrals and repeat business these companies would have to rely a dance band on marketing and advertising strategies. My reasoning behind my choices for these businesses that would not benefit from the five questions is because these companies are genuinely well expanded. With many stores in many different locations of one state and through-out many states these companies do not rely on word of mouth or repeat business. As their marketing strategies, advertising strategies, and gross sales are what continuously brings in repeat custome r, and new customers.

Treaty of Paris Dbq Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Paris Dbq EssayThe Treaty of Paris In the late nineteenth century, the States was involved in an insurrection called the Spanish American War. Trying to end the fghting, a small assembly was sent to negotiate a treaty with Spain. The treaty called for the surrender of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States. However, not everyone advocated this treaty. There were more or less(prenominal) factors that were debated during the verification of the Treaty of Paris. The deciding factors of check were McKinleys unsuccessful attempts at revising the treaty, the upholding of the constitution and McKinleysPresident McKinley weighed some(prenominal) alternatives to campaign in America. annexation, but none were deemed as excellent ideas. First he proposed that he barely give them to another nation. Many nations including Germany, Great Britain, Japan and Russia expressed interest in the area, but McKinley knew that the Philippines would recall if placed in their hands. He thought about independence, but was quickly persuaded out of the idea by Christian groups and the instability of the country. Many pack, including Theodore Roosevelt, thought that it was the white mans burden to Christianize the Filipinos, as stated in Kiplingss poem.Take up the White Mans burdenSend forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exile, To serve your captives need To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wildYour new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. (Doc l). This poem shows how these people wanted to annex the Philippines Just to transpose the natives. William Jenning Bryant stated to the newfangled York Times that it will be easier to end the fight at once by ratifying the treaty and then deal with the subject in our own way (Doc C).There were many contrasting opinions on what to do with the Philippines, but he saw his was the best way to put an end to the conflicts. With the war over, he thought it would be easier to decide what to do with them. The opponents of the Treaty of Paris had only one occasion in mind, the constitution. They thought that annexing any country was unconstitutional. Senator George F. Hoar stated When you raise the flag over the Philippine Islands as an emblem of dominion and acquisition, you take it down from Independence Hall The power to conquer outlander peoples and hold them in subjection is nowhere expressly granted (Doc.F). Hoar, like many others, did not ee the profits of annexing these countries, and thought the government was stretching the limits on their expressed powers. These views were headed by the Anti-lmperialist federation, which was centered in New England. They were weakened primarily because they lacked a coherent program. about called for annexation of Puerto Rico and Hawaii, but not the Philippines. Some wanted to use them as naval bases, and some wanted nothing to do with any of these countries. This was the primary opposition to the Treaty o f Paris. With all of this opposition, McKinley tried to rally for ratification.He began touring the South and consulted closely with the senators. Many people were appalled at how McKinley and other members of working this treaty through the senate but all the railroad influence, which is be worked through Elks, all the commercial interest which can be reached are bringing pressure on Senators in the most shameful manner (Doc. L). This quote from Senator Arthur P. Gorman shows how there were many outside influences on the voting. masses were also not voting with their beliefs, they were voting with their pocketbooks. Arthur P.Dunn discovered that people were being bribed into voting or the legislation. McEnery was promised the interlocking of US Judge of his choice, McLaurin was won over by being allowed to name postmasters in the state, Kennet was squeezed by some sort of court proceeding in his state and had to vote for the treaty (Doc. Q). These acts eventually led to the rati fication of the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Paris was not popular with some people in the country. The Anti- Imperialist League tried their best to stop it from being passed. There were many factors that were debated during the ratification of the Treaty of Paris.The deciding actors of ratification were McKinleys unsuccessful attempts at revising the treaty, the upholding of the constitution and McKinleys campaign in America. McKinley tried proposing other options to annexation, but none seemed like they would deliver positive outcomes. The Treaty of Paris was not popular with some people in the country. The Anti-lmperialist League tried their best to stop it from being passed, but they could not organize well generous to fight the legislation. McKinley eventually toured the country, trying to gain support, and it was this act which led to the ratification of the Treaty of Paris.

Person-centred approach - Carl Rogers Essay Example for Free

Person-centred approach Carl Rogers test

The Meaning of Suffering Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Suffering EssayWe must never forget that we may also find consequence in life even when confronted with a hopeless situation, when facing a component part that cannot be modifyd. For what then matters is to bear witness to the uniquely human potential at its best, which is to transform a personal tragedy into triumph, to turn ones predicament into a human achievement. When we are no longer suitable to change a situationjust think of an incurable disease such(prenominal) as inoperable cancerwe are challenged to change ourselves. Let me cite a clear cut example Once, an elderly general practitioner consulted me because of grim depression. He could not overcome the loss of his wife who had died two years before and whom he had love above all else. Now, how could I help him? What should I tell him? Well, I refrained from telling him anything but sooner confronted him with the question, What would have happened, Doctor, if you had died first, and your wife would have had to survive you? Oh, he said, for her this would have been terrible how she would have suffered Whereupon I replied, You check, Doctor, such a wo(e) has been spared her, and it was you who have spared her this suffering to be sure, at the price that now you have to bemoan her. He said no word but shook my hand and calmly left my office. In some way, suffering ceases to be suffering at the moment it finds a meaning, such as the meaning of sacrifice. Of course this was no therapy in the proper sense since, first, his despair was no disease and second, I could not change his fate I could not revive his wife. But in that moment I did gain in changing his attitude toward his unalterable fate inasmuch as from that time on he could at least see a meaning in his suffering. It is one of the basic tenets of logotherepy that mans main concern is not to gain pleasure or to avoid pain but rather to see a meaning in his life.That is why man is even ready to suffer, on the condition , to be sure, that his suffering has a meaning There are situations in which one is cut off from the opportunity to do ones work or enjoy ones life but what can never be ruled bulge is the unavoidability of suffering. In accepting this challenge to suffer bravely, life has a meaning up to the in the end moment, and it retains this meaning literally to the end. In other words, lifes meaning is an unconditional one, for it even includes the potential meaning of ineluctable suffering Victor Frankl in Mans Search for Meaning (pg 112-115)

Thinking Critically †Poverty and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Thinking Critic eachy Poverty and Happiness EssayThis paper takes the panorama that impoverishment is not necessarily equated with deficiency of delight. Arguments supportive of this thesis argon presented in this paper piece being balance by arguments of the opposite view un little with counter arguments to strengthen the position taken. ane of best arguments that could be forwarded in support of the proposition taken is that nation from poor countries are happier than from wealthier countries. small-arm almost countries want to have stinting progress as a battle cry of globalization, it may not necessarily mean that countries are also regainking happiness after. It could be misleading to wall that wealth is synonymous with happiness or expressed the other way, that poverty is synonymous with lack of happiness. The rootage argument to show lack of human relationship between wealth and happiness is the higher(prenominal) incidents of self-annihilations among rich er countries than those from poor countries. If virtuoso compares a poor country like Philippines compared with richer countries like capital of Singapore, Japan, Australia and US, sensation could serious see on that point are to a greater extent pack committing suicides in richer countries despite the higher standard of nutriment from the latter countries (WHO, 2008).If economic easy being is an assurance of happier well being then why is the big difference in the issuing of deaths by suicides? Suicide is a voluntary or self inflicted and utter event is a verbalism of lack of happiness. Psychologists would agree that happiness is difficult to footfall unless they would not disagree that suicide is a proof of lack of happiness and willingness to continue in life. It give the axe be argued that the pressure to acquire more material wealth in more developed countries has created its own consequences.To cite an example, Singapores speedy economic success appears to have it s social cost as a price. Life in said country has become a rat race for battalion who open firenot just easily acquire resources for living as others. Think Centre (2007) cited the fear of being retrenched in job as a issuance of restructuring that could push the person to commit suicide. Singapore is noted to have a suicide rate higher than country like Thailand when life is reported to be frequently more comfortable in Singapore (Think Centre, 2007) .What could explain these things are the facts that the Singaporeans tend be striving harder, less tolerant of failures and overly materialistic (Think Centre, 2007). given this situation it would be easy to establish the lack of connection between wealth (or poverty) and happiness (or lack of it). As a result of high-pressure living, the economic growth has not spread happiness to all hard-pressed Singaporeans. Many citizens do not have retirement savings and have been advised to operate beyond 765 years to survive in this expe nsive city (Think Centre, 2007).Blinkered Thinker,( n. d) cited the case of the southeast Asian country of Myanmar , which borders Bangladesh, India, China, and Thailand, and which is among the poorest countries on the globe. Poverty was indeed found in Yangon as well as Myanmar but people in said places are noted to be the most hospitable and helpful tourist on earth with their smiles beating those of Thailand. It was therefore admitted that wealth can reduce privation and some of the unnecessary sources of unhappiness, but happiness is a mood and not an economic state. (Blinkered Thinker, n. d.) This again confirms earlier statement that wealth is economic man happiness is social. It was that observed that in Myanmar that about 85% of the Burmese (Myanmar) people institutionalise a form of Buddhism, which teaches that people happiness is attainable only by forsaking worldly desires (Blinkered Thinker, n. d. ). In this sense, materialism has become a contradiction of happiness. Zhang (2005) has argued that economics has failed to address this integrity fundamental issue until this precise day. The author argued that happiness depends not so much on absolute wealth as copulation wealth.There appears to be trade off actually between happiness and wealth as people would do more work for increase in wages but they will receive less leisure in return (Zhang, 2005). This could be easy to understand as wealth is material while happiness is social (Zhang, 2005), thus, thus the dickens need not go together. What is said by one person that he or she is quick does not necessarily mean what is really meant. Asking a person on whether he or she is happy may not necessarily give the even up answer as one could lie to hide guilt or deny the miserable whim inside.In response to a study which tries to show a correlation between happiness and wealth (Wolfers, 2008), Arthur Engel, a blogger, who is a psychoanalyst from Brazil pointed out the difference between being happy and tell that one is happy. In admitting about the difficulty of measuring whether someone is happy or not, he criticized the regularity of asking respondent as not a honest method to find out happiness. The blogger was proverb that the respondent could always lie to cover up something and that there are just many factors that could form the answers.The claim that a wealthier person is a happier, cannot therefore easily be accepted (Wolfers, 2008). The same blogger however posited that one who watches a munimentary about poverty in Africa, or about rape victims, pubic louse hospitals, etc. may indeed find himself happier than those persons in Africa. The difficulty of measuring happiness is still there so what one feels for the seeming unfortunate people may not actually be matt-up by these people. But in realizing that if the suicide indices are used as measures, he agreed that suicide is something almost exclusively committed by rich people. (Wolfers, 2008) Another ar gument that would show the lack of relationship between poverty (or wealth) happiness (or lack of it) is the fact that lack of happiness could be a striation for both(prenominal) the rich and the poor. Another blogger to that economics of happiness reacted by quoting Herodotus who said, Call no man happy until he is dead. Expressing his disbelief of the analysis, because of bad methodology, vague terminology, too-eager conclusions, and failure to mention contradictory studies, which is believer to be many, the blogger was positive the absence of relationship between wealth and happiness.This latter blogger however realized that the misery of having money worries which can seep into and poison every aspect of ones life. She therefore admitted having enough money so that one does not have to worry, can really help but beyond that, she does not see any reason to believe, based on personal experience, that people with lots of money are that much happier than people with adequate mon ey (Wolfers, 2008). On other point of view, it may be argued that wealthier people are happier people.Wolfers (2008) presented a paper that shows a correlation between happiness and wealth which was claimed to be the result of studies crossways countries in a number of periods. It could however be argued statistically that correlation is not the same causality. If utilize to this case, there is no proof that happiness is causing people to become wealthy or that wealthier people are happier as result of better wealth. Moreover the responses were direct answers which may not really be reflective of the truth as respondents could always lie to hide some guilt.Since it is very hard to measure happiness, the result of the study could just not he held valid. It may be further argued that since everybody as a rule wants to be wealthy, should it not mean that happiness is desired as an effect? Everybody may just want to satisfy a need which cannot be misinterpreted as wanting to become we althy but the result need not be happiness always. A human being is borne to have ask and that he or she has all the right to prepare for the future. There however is limit to what money can buy. It cannot buy a good sleep although it may be able to buy a good bed. I can buy amusement but it cannot buy happiness.It can be concluded that poverty and happiness belong to different realms. Although a correlation may be established between the two concepts, the relationship need not be causative as there other factors that must be considered including the manner in which happiness is measured. In certain cases, poverty may bring simplicity of attaining ones satisfaction of ones need and hence the struggle to have more is decrease and this could mean greater acceptability for events that are happening in ones life. To have wealth is however not bad even in the absence of its necessary relation to happiness.Man is both material and social whereby he needs both material things and but at the end of the day, happiness appears to be ultimate desire of all people. If becoming wealthy or avoiding poverty is believed to be the actor to attain happiness, the same should be respected as happiness is also personal and therefore a choice to be made.ReferencesBlinkered Thinker (n. d) Poverty Equals Happiness? , www document URL, http//blinkeredthinker. com/2006/12/20/169/, Accessed may 2, 2008 Think Centre (2007) Suicide rate climbs despite good times (Insight Down South), www document URL http//www. thinkcentre. org/article. cfm?ArticleID=2877 , Accessed May 2, 2008 WHO (2008) Suicide Rates per 100, 000, www document URL http//www. who. int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suiciderates/en/, Accessed May 2, 2008 Wolfers (2008) The Economics of Happiness, Part 4 Are Rich People Happier than Poor People? , parvenu York Times www document URL,http//freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/04/22/the-economics-of-happiness-part-4-are-rich-people-happier-than-poor-people/, Accesse d May 2, 2008 Xianhang Zhang (2005) Poverty and Happiness, www document URL, http//www. mail-archive. com/emailprotected gmu. edu/msg00806. html, Accessed May 2, 2008

Psychological Portraiture Essay Example for Free

Psychological Portraiture EssayAnother distingished legacy that Halsman left back was essentially a product of a probing psychologist in him who could treat his subjects with a deep penetration and empathy and could make them reveal their characters in profound and extraordinary shades, which he eventually employed superbly in his works of photography.Also, with courteous manners, sauve witticism and stylish European accents, Halsman could establish an immediate connect with his American subjects (who, incidentally, dealt with psychology with an amused cynicism, of sorts) which greatly facilitated him to extricate the very best out of his subjects with rare aplomb and liveliness. In fact, he employed an extremely innovative technique, when he worked on a photography session with Marilyn Monroe, on an principal(prenominal) assignment from Life.He made her stand in a corner and took around 40 50 snapshots, as encircled by few admiring men, Monroe could put her spontaneous and effortless best as she smiled, flirted, giggled and wriggled with channelize and enjoyed herself superbly, there-by, almost unknowingly, giving a large number of photo-opportunities to Halsman, who utilised the same to rare perfection. (Jones, 2001)While Halsman could slyly avoid any livid or lurid references of any physical assests of his character (an off-shoot of his somewhat traditional disposition? ), he was a modernist enough in his approach to employ all his subtle finery and mundanity to provoke his subjects into actually emoting the best reactions which, in effect, constituted the very staple of his subject of portraiture photography, saving him world-wide recognition and acclaim.

The Role Of Media Essay Example for Free

The business office Of Media EssayInformation is a very properly tool. One who controls it can manipulate the outcome of most events in inn. The media possesses this enviable authority to independently beam information on all things significant to everyone. Politics, entertainment, sports, health, current events, and government are the facets of civil society that the media postulate to cover. It has a significant role in all these aspects to transmit every detail of information to the public. In government, the media plays an even bigger role. It serves as a bridge between government leaders and the mess. The media is tasked with major responsibilities to usage as broadcaster, educator, and watchdog.As a broadcaster, the media gathers noteworthy information about every action our government is carrying out. It unavoidably to convey the news with unequivocal objectivity with one major goal- bring the truth to the state. As an educator, the media holds the province to i nstruct the public on complex governmental issues. The process and system of government policies and regulations need to be put in plain words so the majority of the citizens will comprehend. This will empower the people and encourage them to uphold their rights and privileges.As a watchdog, the media scrutinizes every decision the government makes. It acts as the eyes and ears of society taking all information into consideration and exposes them to the public for review. The media compels government officials to be always accountable to the people who placed them in their respective positions. The media has not really changed much.Throughout the years, it has remained true to the mission it has set to undertake. The muckrakers of the preceding(a) and the journalists of present times have stood their ground and remained steadfast. The media has withstood the test of time and continued to dedicate its existence in the service of the people. It has its fair share of triumphs and disa ppointments. The media has dedicated its whole life in the pursuit of the truth.Works CitedThe Role of Media in Democracy A Strategic Approach. Technical Publication Series. Jun. 1999 pg 3. Center for Democracy and Governance thorax for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research US Agency for International Development.Paletz, David L. The Media in American Politics limit and Consequences. New York Longman, 1999.Rasky, Susan. Informing Democracy The Role of Media in Shaping American Policy and Public Opinion. USINFO- The join States Department of State. U.S. Department of States Bureau of International Information Programs. 12 Dec. 2004. http//usinfo.state.gov/usinfo/USINFO/Products/Webchats/rasky_11_dec_2006.html

The Crisis Manchuria And Abyssinia

The Crisis Manchuria And AbyssiniaI completely harmonize with this judgment, since the Manchurian and Abyssinian crisis did in fact fatally ricketyen the fusion of Nations. One could almost argue that both crises led to the last of the federation, as they could be seen as the first links in a set up of events that led to the support conception War, which was to be totally hold opened by the birth of the compact of Nations. The unify prove to be incompetent, as it could non screw with both crises effectively. For instance, It was queenless against japan (initiator of the Manchurian crisis) and Italy (initiator of the Abyssinian crisis), due to the league having no regular army to enforce its policies (It could only impose sanctions and a criminalise from the League), thence pauseing itself, and at long last leading to its destruction. However, it is also important to identify the weaknesses of the League that existed prior, as they may have guided the League into its fatal state.The devastation of the First World War horrified countries worldwide, with people living in charge and anguish, hoping to never encounter such an event again. To their salvation, the League of Nations was created, promising to maintain global peace and to prevent a Second World War. The League was established in 1919, under the sheer will of chairperson Wilson, who wanted the League to be seen as a type of World Parliament. Here, international disputes or interests could be discussed formally, without the violent use of force. He also hoped that the League would stop all contends, improve peoples lives and jobs, improve macrocosm health, put an end to slavery, persuade nations to agree to disarmament (as this would make war impossible) and to enforce the Treaty of Versailles which acted as a peace treaty. Countries were in favor of these ideas, resulting in forty-two countries joining the League initially, which ascended to around threescore countries in the 19 30s, strengthening the Leagues international power. However, Even though the intentions of the League were positive, it failed mis epochbly, as the League was incapable to deal with the major international disputes as it promised it could. The late 1930s put the Leagues true power to the test. During this decade, there was a world-wide stinting Depression, where Japan was majorly affected. Japans government failed to deal with the Depression, and indeed decided that it would have to occupy the whole of Manchuria (In China) as an only solution. This would have enabled Japan to have access to the regions valuable resources of coal and iron in an era where it was already difficult to purchase these indispensable raw materials. Japan, to it convenience, was soon provided with an opportunity to invade Manchuria. On 18 September 1931 a bomb exploded on the railway close to Mukden, where Chinese and Japanese soldiers were stationed. Japan instantly blamed on the Chinese, which instantly provided the desired excuse for Japan to occupy Mukden and the entire southerly Manchuria. China being a member of the League of Nations (Japan was too) desperately plead the League to help. Due to the weak organization of the League, the response to Chinas problem almost took an entire year. However, in response the council of the League asked Japan to claim its back to the railway region in Mukden. However, Japan decided not to do so, and turned Manchuria into a Satellite state of Manchukuo. Shortly after, Japan left-hand(a) the League of Nations, as it had no more get along interests in the League. Its essential trades were offered by the USA indeed the Leagues policy of sanctions was ineffective, as the USA never fall in the League of Nations, gift Japan no economical punishment. The Geneva Protocol1was never ratified, therefore the League did not have an army to resign military action mechanism, and war was absolutely out of the question. Britain (Head of the League o f Nations), however, did not urge to take action against Japan, since neither the Government nor the people desired to fight a war purely without central British interests. Therefore the league was powerless in taking action against Japan, fatally enervating it. Some members of the League noticed this failure and realized how ineffective the League of Nations really is, and thus left the League, modify it further. The Great Powers of the League2were unwilling use force against Japan, because of the self interest of a Great power (Britain) in Japans actions. Britain had secretly supported Japan and shared sympathy with Japanese action in Manchuria. And similar to Japan, Britain had some commercial interests in China, which were threatened by the ongoing chaos and well-bred wars. Therefore Japans invasion seemed to restore order to this issue, pleasing the British. This weakened the League, as the League could not take any action against Japan since a Great Power of the League secre tly supported its actions.A few years later, in Europe, another fairly similar crisis began. Italy was trying to distract its people from the economic Depression, and therefore wanted to erect a large empire in Northern Africa. By incursive Abyssinia, Italy would not only be provided with land for Italian settlers, but also connect Italian Somaliland with Eritrea, therefore putting most of the Horn-region of Africa under Italian rule. Mussolini3, by 1932, began his plans to invade Abyssinia, and On December 1934 Italian forces began to shake up with Abyssinian troops and shortly after, in October, the long-desired invasion of Abyssinia began. Mussolini had no doubt that neither Britain nor France would intervene with his plans, giving him the finished invasion plan and opportunity. However, while the French Foreign Minister, Laval, was promising Mussolini a free hand, Britain tried by all means necessary to find a compromise. Britain wanted to offer Mussolini a territorial fee e lsewhere or negotiate an arrangement which would give Italy effective control over Abyssinia avoiding a nominal Annexation. This already suggests that the Abyssinian crisis fatally weakened the League of Nations, since the League changed its policies (a Volte-face) when France supported the invasion and mostly when Britain offered Italy other suggestions of gaining territory. The policies of the League were collapsing and with it the league.Italy neglected the offers suggested by Britain and pursued its invasion of Abyssinia. In 18 October, the League condemned Mussolini and imposed a ban on weapon gross revenue along with a gradually ascending program of sanctions. This had no effect, hence rendering the League powerless and fatally weakening the League. In the meantime, Britain and France were searching for an alternative compromise to Italys invasion. capital of South Dakota Laval and British Foreign Minister, Sir Samuel Hoare, created a secret plan that may have been suitable f or Mussolini. It involved giving Italy control over only two-thirds of Abyssinia. However, the plan was secretive and illegal and it somehow leaked into the French Press, which in the end resulted in the resignation of Sir Hoare and the dropping of the plan. In addition, the League did not ban any oil exports to Italy, which was a vital trade, and the Suez Canal, where Italian ships could drift through, was refused to be closed because Britain feared war. Mussolini had no obstacles in his way and by May 1936 had invade Abyssinia. Hence no action was taken against the invasion of Abyssinia, weakening the league, as it was powerless and ineffective in stopping the invasion. Both Powers Britain and France also feared the diplomatic consequences of alienating Italy over Abyssinia.Not only did the Abyssinian Crisis fatally weaken the League, but also provide Hitler with an ideal opportunity to remilitarize the Rhineland and recreate an all-powerful Nazi-Germany. This was to be entirely prevented by the League, as the Treaty of Versailles did not allow Germany to have an army, since she already began the First World War. Furthermore, the Franco-Italian familiarity was destroyed and replaced by the Rome-Berlin Alliance ( bloc), which enabled Hitler to absorb Austria in 1938 without Italian opposition, creating an even more powerful Germany. The Axis also threatened British and French communication in the Mediterranean, which would ultimately weaken the potential in future response, under German or even Japanese aggression. Soon after, Germany gathered sufficient power and the Second World War was inevitable. Overall, this fatally weakened the League of Nations and ultimately led to its destruction, because Germany was able to rebuild and become a strong Power again which later on led to the Second World War, where both were to be entirely prevented by the League. Members of the League realized ineffectiveness of the League and instead left the League to prepare for war, fatally weakening the League as it no longer had loyal members. The League created more problems than solutions, weakening itself, since it should have been in control which it was not. Instead of finding an effective solution to cipher the crisis, it somehow found a way to damage itself and put itself under risk, ultimately destroying it.The Manchurian and Abyssinian crisis did in fact fatally weaken the League of Nations. One could almost argue that both crises led to the destruction of the League, as they could be seen as the first links in a chain of events that led to the Second World War, which was to be entirely prevented by the birth of the League of Nations. The League proved to be incompetent, as it could not deal with both crises effectively. For instance, it was powerless against Japan in its invasion of Manchuria, since the League had no army to fight against Japanese aggression. Also the self interest Britain had in Manchuria provided Japan with protection, t herefore fatally weakening the League. In the Abyssinian crisis, the League was powerless once more and could not take any action against Italy as they favored Italy (to support against Nazi-Germany) rather than the loss of Abyssinia. It tried to implement sanctions and a ban on sales of weapons, but this had no effect on Italy. Due to the failure in Abyssinia, Germany was capable of rebuilding, and thus ultimately leading to a Second World War. Members of knew that a Second World Was threatened, hence fatally weakening the League as it no longer had loyal members. The Abyssinian and Manchurian crises fatally weakened the League of Nations and ultimately led to its destruction.

Sub Cultures From Which Criminal Behaviour Arises Criminology Essay

Sub Cultures From Which Criminal Behaviour Arises Criminology EssayClarke et al. describe conclusion as the trend societal relations of a group argon constructed, acknowledged and interpreted by its members. A sub kitchen-gardening differs in its focal concerns put upd lead also donation some things in common with the ending from which it derives also cognise as the parent culture. Subcultures must exhibit a unique structure focused on reliable activities, beliefs and so on, that visibly distinguish them. Nevertheless, as they are sub-sets, there must be significant things that lodge them with the parent culture. For example, the Kray twins were part of a criminal subculture and the workings single out culture in eastern London. Subcultures can be characterized by a characteristic language, music taste, dress sense, hairstyle and spiritednessstyle understood and divided by its members. Examples include rockers, Rastafarians or punks. Criminal subcultures on the diff erent hand, whitethorn share most of these characteristics, but will hold an alternative value system that contracts delinquent behaviour. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin state that a delinquent subculture is bingle in which certain forms of delinquent activity are essential requirements for the performance of the overabundant roles supported by the subculture (1960 7). Criminal subcultures are normally set up among lower class young antherals from large urban areas (Cloward Ohlin, 1960 Croall, 1998). This attempt will look at a brief history of Robert Mertons work and the input of the Chicago shallow and associated theorists much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Edwin Sutherland to provide an understanding of how and why the Statesn sub heathen theories unquestionable thereafter. These approaches will be looked upon in assessing the works of Albert Cohen (1955) and Cloward and Ohlin (1960). Other works will be discussed such as Gresham Sykes and David Matza (1957) an d Walter Miller (1958) to critique American subcultural theories. Finally, this shall be followed by work that emerged from Britain including David D proclaimes and the Birmingham University Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS). Other key factors influencing the nature of subcultures will be raised in order to provide a substantiated conclusion.Croall (1998) and Newburn (2007) both plead that American subcultural hypothesis emerged from research carried out by the Chicago School in the 1930s on cultures, street life and delinquent gangs in Chicago. It was imbed that certain subcultures in hostel deal different value and attitudes that tin towards horror and violence. Influential theorists such as Edwin Sutherland (1937) aimed to explain the nature and development of youth subcultures by suggesting that crime is a learned behaviour that takes place in specific groups with different behaviours, attitudes and peer group pressures. He argued further that those exposed to more criminal than non-criminal values were more likely to adopt criminal values learnt through a process of differential association. This includes the techniques of committing a crime, motives, drives and rationalizations associated with crime. This differential association may differ in terms of frequency, duration, priority and intensity. Individuals indeed become criminal due to an increased number of definitions favourable to breaking the law over definitions unfavourable to violations (Fulcher Scott, 2003 White Haines, 2004 OBrien Yar, 2008).On the contrary, Robert Merton developed the Strain Theory (1938) to expand upon the judgment of anomie first argued by Durkheim who suggested that anomie is a state of normlessness in society. Merton attempted to explain the sectionalization of cultural and well-disposed structure that accompanied the Great Depression of 1930s America (Burke, 2005). Social institutions such as the vision media, education system and the state stressed that warmness class secular rewards and winner of the American Dream were achievable goals for individuals who worked hard to strain them, as argued by Merton. Unfortunately, working class male youths had different institutional agent available to them. Moreover, they were ill prepared as they were non amicableized to stick with in a middle class environment. They experienced strains associated with inappropriate structural opportunities to achieve culturally be goals. For that reason, these blocked opportunities lead some stack to form a delinquent subculture as a corporal solution to pursue alternative criminal avenues. Mertons theory therefore indicates that strains do not reside in spite of appearance the individual but are produced by wider social processes and structures (Croall, 1998, Bilton et al. 2002). Merton developed five different ways in which individuals respond conformism- populate accept the culturally defined goals and institutionalized means of attaining them innovation- individuals accept the culturally defined goals but lack the institutionalized means to attain them and therefore resort to crime ritualism- people accept the naturally defined goals but cannot sustain them but continue to pursue institutional mean no matter of the outcome retreatism- people reject both the culturally defined goals and institutionalized means of attaining them and retreat from society in different ways such as substance abuse and rebellionism- people substitute their own cultural goals and institutionalized means in place of the conventional goals and means of achieving them (White Haines, 2004 Burke, 2005 Newburn, 2007). Merton is criticized for accepting the status quo and assume that there is a consensus amongst every oneness to pursue the middle class cultural goals of ambition, success and achievement, rather than acknowledging how effective people define society and its goals. Also, the focus is merely upon working class crim e thus Merton accepts the official put down crime statistics which suggest that crime is mostly committed by the working class. This suggests that the strain theory fails to deem structural inequalities for example how the capitalist system marginalizes and labels lower classes and criminalizes their activities. In addition to this Merton ignores other crimes like sportsmanlike collar or corporate crimes which are equally or even more damaging to society. Finally, though there may be some strain underpinning criminal behaviour, Merton does not fully explain why some individuals respond with delinquent behaviour and others do not (White Haines, 2004, Fawbert, 2013).A different argument is provided by Albert Cohen in Delinquent Boys (1955) who developed the subcultural theory of Status Frustration. He criticized Merton for focusing on acquisitive situation crime alone. Cohen argues that lower-class boys fail to attain the middle-class standards of success, suffer cultural depriva tion, unemployment, educational failure and humiliated homes. For Cohen, the school was where lower class youth understood their choices were constrained by society (White Haines, 2004). As a result, they experience status frustration and reject mainstream goals. A delinquent subculture is form as a corporate response to these social problems. Individuals invert middle class values and therefore engage in negativistic spiteful crimes such as vandalism in search for status rather than material success (Bilton et al. 2002 Terpstra, 2006, Fawbert, 2013). This flavor is supported by Paul Willis study Learning to Labour (1981). Walter B. Miller disagrees with Cohens view that delinquents value middle class beliefs and invert them by acting out their frustration via negativistic crime. Miller developed the lower-class cultural theory (1958) that focused on gang delinquency and argued that the lower class has a separate, identifiable culture distinct from the culture of the middle cla ss. (p.27). He argues that it has its own value system which naturally produces crime, thus a young person who conforms to lower-class values automatically becomes criminal. According to Miller (1958) lower-class culture is characterized by focal concerns toughness, smartness, autonomy, excitement, fate and trouble. Therefore, a criminal subculture stands independently from middle-class culture and draws its beliefs and practices from its parent lower class culture (Glick, 2005 Terpstra, 2006).Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1960) criticize Albert Cohen for failing to explain why different types of delinquency take different forms. They argue that all classes share the same societal goals of success and wealth, however, the working class is deprived of gaining these goals. Illegitimate opportunity structures will arise in situations where the cultural goals are still pursued, but legitimate opportunities are lacking. Cloward and Ohlin therefore accept Mertons view that denied legi timate access to available opportunities results in working class criminality. Cloward and Ohlin stress that delinquents have withdrawn their support from established norms and have invested officially forbidden norms of conduct with a claim to genuineness in the light of their special situation (1960 19-20). Cloward and Ohlin suggest working class youth will share their own delinquent subcultural values dependent on different environments that provide different opportunities for crime (White Haines, 2004 Burke, 2005 Glick, 2005, Shildrick, 2006). Cloward and Ohlin (1960) provide three different types of subcultures which are a form or adaptation from the blocked opportunities given by the dominant social order. First is the criminal subculture found in areas with a pre-existing criminal culture whereby prestige is allocated to those who attain material success via illegal means of securing income such as property theft. To conform to within this subculture, one should cultivate appropriate connectionsandpromote an apprenticeship with older and successful offenders (1960 23). Second is the conflict subculture found in areas with high gang warfare and where the aim is to acquire a reputation for toughness and ravaging violence (1960 25). The manipulation of violence allows for individuals to gain status and prestige amongst their peers. The third type is retreatist subculture and it involves those that have failed to follow both legitimately or otherwise a double failure. Individuals or groups engage in a hedonistic existence and are culturally and socially detached from the life-style and everyday preoccupations of members of the conventional piece (1960 25). Alcohol or drug consumption becomes a way of life. All three subcultures are quasi(prenominal)ly in that norms that guide behaviour are opposite to the norms of mainstream society. Cloward and Ohlin accept that these subcultures may sometimes overlap one another but overall their theory shows how working class delinquency is not due to material gain totally (Croall, 1998 Newburn, 2007 Fawbert, 2013).Alternatively, David Matza 1964 argued that subcultural theory was guilty of over-predicting delinquency and ignoring human agency by providing an over deterministic view of human behaviour as influenced by society. Gresham Sykes and David Matza (1957) developed the Delinquency and Drift Theory that rejects subcultural theories and argues that working class youth subcultures form as a way of expressing particular subterranean values such as hedonism, adventure, thrill seeking and risk. Skyes and Matza argue that these are shared with mainstream society but expressed in different contexts. Mainstream society expresses these values and deferred gratification during their leisure time, whereas delinquents express these at the wrong time and place. Subcultures are seen to disregard the work ethic and enjoy pleasures that have not been earned through work (Fulcher and Scott, 2003). F urther, similar to Cohens view, delinquents do not fully reject middle class goals, but regularly use techniques of counteraction or deviance disavowal to justify their criminal actions (Shields Whitehall, 1994). unmatchable technique is the denial of responsibility such as suggesting that their action was accidental or blame it on their parents. Second is the denial of the victim by suggesting that the victim deserved it. Third is the denial of injury which involves the criminal refuting that their behaviour caused any real molest and was just for fun. Fourth, is condemning the condemners by suggesting that the police are corrupt for example. Lastly, an appeal to higher loyalties whereby other norms other than legal ones are more important and are worth protecting loved ones even if it means perverting the law (White Haines, 2004 Glick, 2005 Newburn, 2007 Fawbert, 2013).All in all, Matza and Sykes suggest that norms and values of subculture allow for criminality but do not dem and it, particularly from the lower working class. Mainstream values influence criminals, thus subculture of delinquency is loose-knit as only a few members are full time committed and most drift between conformity and deviance (Fawbert, 2013 and Skyes Matza, 1957 Croall, 1998 Newburn, 2007). On the other hand, Skyes and Matza are criticized by Newburn (2007) and Downes (1966) for denying that there are distinct groups with their own distinctive values. Instead, they suggest that all people share delinquent subcultural values.The subcultural theories that have been looked at developed in America and were not always relevant to Britain where violent or criminal gangs were rarer. British work on subcultures developed from the work by Birmingham Universitys Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) established by Richard Hoggart in 1964, which criticized American approaches. The CCCS followed a Marxist perspective and focused on subcultures based around particular styles such a s teds, rockers, bootboys and so forth. Rather than individual problems of status, the Birmingham school regarded subcultures as a working class young people solution to the problematic societal conditions. They argued that youth may face the double failure of not creation able to achieve the goals of their parent culture or dominant culture as each new(a) generation faces its own problems regarding local economic conditions. For example Stan Cohen (1972) suggested that working class youth subcultures in sixties and 70s Britain developed due to housing and employment changes that affected the working class as a whole. Communities broke down and many traditional jobs disappeared. Thus he argues that the latent function of subcultures is to express and resolve the contradictions on the fence(p) in the parent culture (Clarke et al., 1976, Croall, 1998 Young, 2006).Croall (1998) argues that David Downes (1966) who carried out work on criminal youths in London found that they did n ot conform to the image suggested by American subcultural theorists, Cohen and Cloward Ohlin. Instead, delinquent activities were seen as fun mostly by youth with poor education and they did not display frustration at their lack of success. Rather than macrocosm opposed to mainstream values they were dissociated from middle class values within school or work settings. These youths formed a subculture where delinquent activities were an appealing solution to a leisure problem that simply occurred in their social circumstances. This is because they could not participate in middle class leisure pursuits (Glick, 2005, Muncie, 2009). In addition to this, Downes also argues that Matzas ensample under predicted delinquency.It appears as though crime is a working class male phenomenon, but this may be because of bourgeois assumptions about criminality. Crime statistics are measured in a positivist way and have shown that the lower working class have a greater carryency to commit crime. Moreover, it is the powerful class that puts pressure on the police and the criminal justice system to create a culture that serves their interest and not attract the label of criminality. One problem with subcultural theories as a whole is that they tend to ignore certain aspects linked to culture such as gender and ethnicity as well as the conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups. In addition to this, Heidensohn also criticizes subcultural theories for determinism, selectivity, conformity and anomie (Fulcher Scott, 2003 Young, 2006 Newburn, 2007). Other points to reckon include the effect of labeling individuals as delinquent which may result in a process of self-fulfilling prophecy. One example of this is Jock Youngs study (1971) which found that 1960s hippie marijuana users, who took drugs as a social activity, developed a subculture that valued drug consumption only after they were labeled and targeted by the police. Regarding the mass media, moral panics are created through the amplified exposure of negative images of subcultures. These too exaggerate the activities of subculture and further reinforce dominant values and beliefs. Nevertheless, these theories have taken away the blame on the individual, as provided by classical theories of crime, and shifted it to social structures. Merton emphasized the strain between goals and means and the way criminal means would be used to attain goals where legitimate means such as education are lacking. Subcultural approaches by Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin, acknowledged the formation of subcultures as a response to a lack of status and opportunities supplied by cultural goals (White Haines, 2004 Clarke et al, 2006).