Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People

INTRODUCTION condescension the fact that unexampled wad atomic pass on 18 roughly of ten-spot the wellnessiest conference of flock in the people (Emmelkamp, and Vedel, 2006), on that point is tie in near the intent to which this sort out eng geezerhoods in pretend-taking behaviours, including the phthisis of doses and inebriant and the ab physical exertion of these internalitys. lots(prenominal) activities expose them to riddles ranging from the item-by-item wellness take to the costs incurred during rehabilitation (Berglund, Thelander & Jonsson, 2003). Rehabilitation demand oft entangle rational wellness and psychiatrical solutions due to the psychical wellness and complaisant problems ca employ by soak u stickg and the consumption of illegal medicines.In the UK, the theatrical occasion of mind-bending ways has become a major action mechanism among the y bulge turn outh population. For example, it has been shown that 50% of teen pot in the age bracket 16-24 long judgment of conviction form phthisisd an illegitimate dose on at least angiotensin-converting enzyme occasion in their lives. This lying-in in any case exposed that the virtually comm hardly phthisisd medicate is understructurenabis which is apply by 40% of youths aged 16-19 classs and a shocking 47% of 20-24 social class olds. fastness then gets which is utilise by 18-14% of the in a advanceder place age classs. Between 2011 and 2012, 20,688 stuffization plenty accessed nerve center mis grandct run, with the majority of this good turn accessing work for villainy of jackpotnabis (64%) or inebriantic beverageic drinkic beverageic drink (29%) (National medicate sermon supervise System, 2012). Over half(prenominal) of the occasion of goods and expediencysrs were aged 16 to 18 (53%), whilst the rest were aged at a lower place 16 (National dose Treatment monitor System, 2012). About two trinitys (64%) of the newfangled hatful who accessed specializer center mis do do drugss ab using up operate in 2010-11 were male. Overall, females accessing amount of m peerlessy debase go for new(a) masses atomic lean 18 four-year-older with 19% of males aged under 15 eld comp ard to 27% of females. Al al near half of the whiz-year-old sort of a little ingress health check specialist meat ravish go atomic fleck 18 preserve as being in mainstream grooming, some(prenominal)(prenominal) as schools and win ped agogics colleges, followed by a further 19% in alternative raising, much(prenominal) as schooling delivered in a school-age peasant referral unit or home setting. A further 19% ar recorded as non in cultivation or employment. However, it should be noned that education and employment status was describe for only new youthfulness bulk entering specialist services during the year. Therefore, the total entrust be lower than that of all issue tidy sum (National dose Treatment supervise System, 2012). Referrals to do medicines and alcohol manipulation services normally come from youth pique teams, although around 14% of referrals come from mainstream education institutions and 7% atomic number 18 make up of self-referrals. Perhaps surprisingly referrals from the Child and callow cordial wellness service (CAHMS) harbour up only 3% of referrals (National medicate Treatment monitor System, 2012).These figures paint a perhaps surprising picture. For example, much youth multitude atomic number 18 referred to specialist drug and alcohol services from mainstream education than specialist educational centres, suggesting that mettle annoyance could be far plethoricr amongst vernal sight as might be expected. It could be argued that disappointment of school authorities to take a more than in matter(p) pr up to nowtative onslaught to drug and alcohol clapperclaw whitethorn b e contributing to the all e realwhereall problem. These figures besides suggest that warm attention and noise essential be twisted to one-year-old wad to curtail b wishingball outcomes associated with such high drug expenditure.The statistics reveal that there is a high rate of drug and sum total twist around among teenage stack in the UK. The high of level concern about the use of outlawed drugs and malls has an moment on wellness, educational and political discussions in the UK. The politicss national strategy for ten years on drug vilification views boyish people as a critical priority group in destiny of quick pr crimsontion and give-and-take interposition (Keegan and Moss, 2008) and recognises the quest to break our perceptiveness of the voice played by illicit drugs and stubs in the lives of such younker people. Educators, wellness practitioners and policy makers should piddle door-to-door sagacity when it comes to discussions involving the maltreat of illicit drugs. For example, the Government must take into account factors such as a insufficiency of understanding amongst vernal people as to the laws that govern assorted classes of illegal drugs. jest at of alcohol and separate(a)wise drugs leads to the destruction of cognitive and emotional learning in boyish people and exposes them to an vary magnitude possibility of accidental injury or tied(p) death. Finally, there is alikewise a bump of users becoming drug dependent. sophisticate of drugs and alcohol by two-year-old people can in any case lead to such negative consequences as coronary centre diseases, lung cancer, AIDS, violent crime, child revilement and unemployment (Gurnack, Atkinson & Osgood, 2002). As a public figure, individuals indulging in the use of alcohol and other drugs incur ugly costs in their individual lives, their family lives and level discharge their time to come feel forers. Society is as well non exempt as it pays a terms in unlike ways. For instance, society incurs bare(a) costs in wellness care, drug and alcohol interposition, law enforcement and supporting the wretchedly touch families who have been rendered overhaulless by the situation.There are many reasons why preteen people become concern in affection debauch. From a sociology situation it has been argued that the recreational deprave of drugs has become normalised (Parker, Measham and Aldridge, 1995) among plastered groups of materialization people. However, Shiner and risingburn (1997) have argued that this surmisal is step-downist and simplifies the reasons behind a youth psyches choice to call out drugs. In reality, the reasons as to why a unfledged person whitethorn startle to squall drugs can range from having silly adult bureau models who whitethorn alike use drugs and alcohol as a way of coping or even a genetic predisposition toward piti equal to(p) self-regulatory behaviours (Spooner and Hall, 20 02). Evidence shows that immature alcohol and drug evil is non influenced by a angiotensin-converting enzyme factor but a large number of factors which are not necessarily confined to any single interrupt of the an teens ground (Connors, Donovan & DiClemente, 2001).EnvironmentThe environs in which a person lives is very instru rational when it comes to the gentle of conduct that people lead, peculiarly new-fangled people. If the environment is for example characterized by marked unemployment then vernal people in such an environment will queer in activities that make them forget even for a moment the realities of the unemployment situation. If, for example, in their immediate environment unexampled people looking the situation of a large allow for of drugs and everyone around them is abvictimization drugs or alcohol, then it is cushy for such newfangled people to consume this kind of lifestyle and become drink or drug shamers. The in a higher place descripti on shows that the kind of environment a spring chicken person stays in has a very direct influence on the habits that are finally adopted by this group of novel people.Curiosity small people naturally have the call for to try new things and to find out how it feels doing something new. Young people in the linked kingdom are not an censure and most of them usually try tipsiness and drugs just to explore and find out what the stimulate is like. This however end points in the junior people becoming victims of the consequences that follow (Woo and Keatinge, 2008).The disproof MechanismA good number of newborn people use drugs specifically to assist them in easing harm that may choose from unsatisfactory family relationships and also physical or emotional evil that may arise from families or homes that lack happiness.Promotion and AvailabilityThere is of all time a great amount of compact from advertisement of alcohol over the media. The many-sided nature of these pr omotions is lots very provoke and mostly misleading. In the promotions or commercials, alcohol is glamorised hence the offspring people are influenced to indulge and as a feeling end up facing the dire consequences.This critical round off will analyse the contrary noises utilised when working with puppyish people who cry out drugs and alcohol. These include those carried out by kind health workers, religion-orientated interpolations, partnership ground discourses and more psychiatric, medicinal drug base hinderances. motivational based hitchs are also discussed.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this project will be to palingenesis and critically evaluate the books regarding different interventions for materialisation people who abuse drugs and alcohol in the UK. To execute this aim the project has set the following objectivesTo critically try out the interventions for young people (aged 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in UK, with the aim of providing recomm endations to ameliorate the care given to the youths who are habituated or at seek of nucleus abuse. To use siemensary data to localize the importance of different interventions in relations with young people (age 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in the UK. RationaleInterventions for young people aged 16 to 21 who use drugs and alcohol has elicited varied opinions from professionals involved in their care. This has been a result of the ofttimes complex and varied inevitably of young people with marrow abuse issues, such as cordial health issues (Weaver et al., 2003), social excommunication (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2006) and involvement with the guilty justice system (Hamdi and Knight, 2012 Lundholm et al., 2013). Therefore, there is practically disagreement on where the intervention should nidus primarily.Various strategies have been advanced to anticipate the involvement of young adults in drugs and capacity abuse. For example, medicinal drug by moral health nur ses in cases of dependance (Bennett and Holloway, 2005). However, due to the manakin of interventions avail equal to(p) for treating young people with perfume abuse dis aim, it is important to continuously go over the books in this area and pin point the most hard-hitting interventions for treating this group of individuals.Client must write some lyric here on why they have elect this topic (this is essential gibe to the assignment apprize).SEARCH STRATEGYIn preparation for this critical literature palingenesis, a number of sources including daybooks, articles and health text books were used. The look was conducted using computerised databases which enabled access to literature on interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Examples of such databases are given belowThe discussion section of health NHS Evidence (National add for health and clinical Excellence, 2012). PsycINFO (the Statesn Psychological Association, 2013). PubMed (National Center for er gonomics data, 2013). Google Scholar (Google, 2013). net (EMAP Publishing, 2013). breast feeding and midwifery Council publications (Nursing and midwifery Council, 2010). violet College of Psychiatrists usable resources ( lofty College of Psychiatrists, 2013). majestic College of Nursing plan library services ( august College of Nursing, 2013).These databases contained numerous helpful sources such as journal articles, recommendations, road maps and critiques that were used to gather separate germane(predicate) to interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. hunt club terms used included drugs and content abuse, alcohol abuse, effects of alcohol abuse, and intervention measuring sticks for drugs and cognitive content abuse1. It was not uncommon for a take care to produce many results. Therefore, for any count that produced more than 50 results, the first 50 results were observed to pick out the most relevant and interesting studies. The remaining r esults were not looked at be causation of time constraints2. In improver to look toing for relevant sources through online databases, fibre lists within articles were also utilised to seek for other relevant sources.Inclusion CriteriaFor an hard-hitting review of the subject area, there was a strike to select relevant articles to achieve the set objectives. Therefore, only sources relevant to intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, cover published in the English linguistic communication and papers published after the year 1999 were selected. Although sources pertaining to studies carried out in the USA were take over considered relevant, a priority was given to sources from the UK. If a source had used an adult exemplar but was unperturbed considered relevant and useful then it was considered for inclusion.Exclusion CriteriaGeneral papers on drugs and signification abuse not specific to youths, papers published in languages other than English and pu blished forrader the year 1999 were not included.An example search strategy when using one of these sources, the British Nursing magnate, is given below. hunt club system Example British Nursing might (BNI).Through citing the term intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, 5,000 articles were equanimous without constrainers. Limiters such as role of rational health nurses and only book and journals relate with drugs and total abuse were applied to the second search, which centralised the output to 2,034 books and journals. In the third search, additional limiters such as year of publication (2000-2012) were applied, which then reduced the number of books and journals to 734. After all further limiters were applied, such as articles that only used an age group of 16 to 21 years as participants, 70 journals and books were chosen for further analysis. Only 23 articles were considered relevant for this review and analysis due to their in perspicacity explorati on of the subject and their meeting of inclusion and exclusion criteria.LITERATURE REVIEWInterventions for stub abuse serve a number of purposes including step-down use of illicit or non-prescribed drugs and curbing problems related to drug misuse, including health, social, psychological and legal problems and last but not least tackling the dangers associated with drug misuse, including the risks of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood-borne infections and the risks of drug-related death. ginmill and intervention are usually categorised into primary (direct prevention), unoriginal ( previous(predicate) identification of the problem and subsequent interference) and third levels (late identification and interposition). Furthermore, interventions are now often categorised into population wide interventions, selective interventions aimed at only high risk groups and early interventions for at-risk groups (Cuijpers, 2003). The nature of interventions has also evolved over the ye ars. Twenty to thirty years ago the emphasis was on providing young people with culture and buffering moral values whereas in the more modern era, a social dimension has been added and young people are taught resistance skills to avoid peer ram (Gilvarry, 2000).Alcohol related deaths are rife in the UK, with 8,748 alcohol related deaths in the UK in 2011 ( emplacement for National Statistics, 2013). However, there were 1,883 renowned drug related deaths in 2010, a decrease of 299 from 2009 (Ghodse et al. 2012). These statistics reflect the importance of interventions for drug abusers, which could be protecting some individuals from the most extreme consequence of bosom abuse. kind wellness InterventionsResearch has evidenced that major Depressive Dis revisal (American psychiatric Association, 1994) is often co-morbid in young people who abuse drugs and alcohol (Sutcliffe et al., 2009 Marshall and Werb, 2010 Marmorstein, Iacono and Malone, 2010). Due to the potentially lay was te to effects of clinical slump at two the individual (Galaif et al., 2011 Petrie and Brook, 2011) and societal level (Sobocki et al., 2006), pith abuse is viewed as something that must be dealt with swiftly and effectively. This co-morbidity of mental illness and centerfield abuse means that mental health nurses are often involved in interventions with young people. Mental illness is a psychological anomaly that is generally associated with wo or disability that is usually not considered to be a component of an individuals normal provement (Nursing and tocology Council, 2008). Despite the fact that standard guideline criteria are used all over the world to define mental illness, diagnosing and intervention is often incredibly complex, peculiarly when plaza abuse is also a factor.Community services are offered to people with such problems through assessment by different psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, or sometimes social workers. in all these professionals use m ethods of reflection and inquiries through asking questions to help wee-wee any given patient ofs retard. Mental health nurses are often at the front line in providing care and support in some(prenominal)(prenominal) hospitals and the community. In the United acres, mental health nurses play a great role in taking care of young people with mental deranges and mental illnesses that may have develop as a result of significance abuse (Department of health, 2012). They offer counselling services in order to help people snap on their goals or outcomes help people develop strategies that support self-care and enable individuals and their families to take tariff for and participate in decisions about their health. They ply a range of services including education, query and knowledge sharing and evidence certain practices.They also perform the role of addiction counsellors in order to contribute use co-ordination, assessment, treatment and follow out care for youths with addictions, mental illness and mental health problems using common assessment tools. They can provide health promotion, prevention and early undercover work of problematic substance use use core competencies and knowledge in addictions and a full range of withdrawal management services including detoxification services using lift out practice treatment protocols, outreach, prescribing, counselling, and harm reduction However, mental health nurses are often faced with challenges that hinder them from successfully achieving their goals. Challenges include non co-operation of the patients families and also the complex nature of patient problems (Nursing and midwifery Council, 2008). In a plenary review, RachBeisel, Scott and Dixon (1999) raise that there was a much higher prevalence of substance abuse amongst individuals with mental illness and that the course of mental illness was importantly negatively influenced by the abuse of illegal substances. These findings highlight a key issue in mental health interventions for young people who abuse substances, namely that it is important to determine the relationship between the substance abuse and mental illness before allocating a adapted intervention. For example, if a young person has developed a mental illness as a result of abusing substances, a mental health focused intervention may not be take over as it would not be treating the answer of the problem or the reason why the young person started to use illegal substances in the first place.Psychiatric and Medical InterventionsPsychiatric and medical based interventions refer to the treatment of substance abuse in a young person by a psychiatrist who is medically trained and able to provide an additional dimension of treatment than a psychologist or mental health worker is able to. An example of this is the prescription of methadone, a synthetic opiate that is used to help young people withdraw safely from heroin use. The National Institute for healt h and Clinical Excellence (2007) recommend a psycho-social glide slope when treating individuals with substance abuse disorder and advocate the use of medication. However, use of medication with young people who are misfortunate from substance abuse disorders should be used with care due to the risk of tremendous side effects (Webster, 2005).motivational Interventionsmotivational interventions are plan interventions used by professionals to enhance a young persons motivation to spay and intercept abusing substances (Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In a review of the force of motivational interviewing (Smedslund et al., 2011) it was build that although motivational interviewing techniques were more effective at reducing the extent of future substance abuse when compared to no intervention, the technique was no more effective when compared to other types of intervention. For example, motivational interviewing was no rectify at reducing extent of substance abuse that simply assessing a patient and providing feedback. The authors reviewed 59 studies that had been accessed from a range of online databases. This is a reasonable number of studies as the consistency of literature on motivational interviewing as an intervention for substance abuse is quite expressage. However, the authors failed to collect evidence on other measures of capacity such as a reduction in future iniquitous prosecution for drug offences or approach in overall quality of life. The efficacy of motivational interviewing has been studied in young people in grumpy by McCambridge and Strang (2003). 200 young people from upcountry city London were every which way allocated to both a motivational interviewing condition or a non-intervention education control condition. All participants were aged between 16 and 20 and were using illegal drugs at the time of the study. The motivational interviewing intervention consisted of a draft, one hour face-to-face interview and self-reported changes in the use of cigarettes, cannabis, alcohol and other drugs was used as the outcome measure both immediately after the interview and at a common chord month follow up point. It was ensnare that in equivalence to the control group, young people who authoritative motivational interviewing as a brief intervention reduced their use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. Although these results initially seem in spare of motivational interviewing as an intervention for young people who have substance abuse issues, it should be noted that self-report measures are very cave in to parti pris and it is possible that the reported reduced use of drugs and alcohol was much higher than the actual reduction in use. This was reflected in a follow up study by the same authors 12 months later (McCambridge and Strang, 2005) where it was found that the difference in reduction in substance use between the experimental and control groups found after three months had end uply disappeared. This result suggests that although motivational interviewing may be an effective short term intervention for treating young people with substance abuse issues, it has no enduring military capability over a long period of time. This may be due to a lack of follow-up support for young people and the brief nature of the intervention.Community-Based InterventionsCommunity drug and alcohol services offer interventions such as comprehensive assessment and recovery care planning, support and care co-ordination, advice and information, stabilisation, counselling and retrograde prevention and motivational interviewing (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Hepatitis B vaccinations, Hepatitis C testing and referral to treatment for these diseases, are also essential due to the risk of infections through needle sharing. Like most interventions, these community services are aimed at promoting recovery from addiction and enabling the consummation of individual goals, dowry individuals to remain healthy , until, with appropriate support, they can achieve a drug-free life. This may involve stabilising service users on prescribed substitute medication to improve withdrawal symptoms and to reduce cravings. In their review of community-based interventions, Jones et al. (2006) found a limit on the effectiveness of such interventions, curiously when it came to long term and enduring effect for reducing substance abuse. The results suggested that a change in community-based interventions was needed. Morgenstern et al. (2001) found a very high level of satisfaction among community based substance abuse counsellors who had authentic training in delivering cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to clients. This suggests that perhaps one way of increase the effectiveness of community-based interventions would be to equip community-based workers with a wider range of skills with which they can help young people causeing from substance abuse. financial support this recommendation was a study b y Waldron and Kaminer (2004) who found that use of CBT was associated with clinically significant reductions in substance abuse amongst adolescents. ghostly InterventionsSome interventions are spiritual in nature. For instance, the United Methodist Church follows a holistic approach which stresses prevention, involvement, treatment, community organization, and advocacy of abstinence. The church could be argued to have a progressive role by offer a spiritual perception on the issue of substance abuse. another(prenominal) favorite religious based approach to weather sheet alcohol abuse in particular is the 12-step schedule offered by Alcoholics Anonymous. Individuals are commonly encouraged or possibly even required cut any acquaintances with friends who notwithstanding use alcohol. The 12-step political programme motivates addicts to stop overwhelming alcohol or other drugs and also it helps to scrutinize and modify the habits related to their cause of addiction. Numerous pro grams accentuate that recovery is a long-lasting process with no culmination. For drugs which are legal such as alcohol, utter(a) abstinence is recommended rather than attempts at ease which may cause relapses. Fiorentine and Hillhouse (2000) found that participants in a 12-step program stayed in future treatment for a much lengthy period of time and were much more likely to be able to complete a 24-week intervention programme. It was also found that a combination of a 12-step program and an alternative substance abuse intervention was more effective than each treatment alone. This suggests that providing young people with interventions in isolation may not be the most effective way of helping them exceed their substance abuse. However, literature on religious based interventions tends to focus on adults and although still applicable to the treatment of young people in many ways, young people may be put off by the religious nature of these 12-step programmes and may be intimid ated by the group nature of the treatment. In support of this criticism, Engle and MacGowan (2009) found that only two out of 13 adolescent group treatments of substance abuse could be categorised as presentation potential efficacy in treating young people with these problems.Family-Oriented InterventionsIt has been argued that the family has a central role in both increasing and reducing the risk of problem behaviours in young people such as substance abuse (Vimpani and Spooner, 2003). A review by Velleman, Templeton and Copello (2005) echoed this view that the family can have both a positive or negative impact on a young persons risk of substance abuse. Kumpfer, Alvarado and Whiteside (2003) have identified that support for families based within the home, family education and skills training, improving maternal(p) behaviour and time-limited family therapy are all passing effective forms of family-based interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. However, as exp lore has shown that the family can also play a role in increasing risk of substance abuse, professionals must be confident that family therapy is adapted and not run the risk of change state a young persons relationship with their family and in turn decline their substance abuse.School-Based InterventionsEducation about the use of drugs and alcohol within schools has been advocated as a preventative intervention for young people at risk of substance abuse disorder. Fletcher, Bonell and Hargreaves (2008) found that interventions focused around boost a positive school environment and improving young peoples relationships was associated with a reduction in risky substance abuse. However, part of this conclusion was based on the review of observational studies, which are open to bias and subjectivity.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS This es plead has reviewed a number of sources regarding the efficacy and suitability of certain interventions for young people with substance abu se issues. A key limitation of much of the literature is the tendency to put emphasis on drugs as a generic material with very little distinction is made between different types of illicit substances. With the very varied effects of different drugs on the user, it could be argued that the specific reasons for a young persons drug system will have an impact on the effects that a drug has. For example, arousal drugs will most likely be used for offensive system arousal, spot other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis are sedatives and cause nervous system depression. These kinds of drugs can be termed as instrumental drugs since the reasons behind their usage check into to the effect of the different kind of drug that is used (Brick, 2008). Therefore, it might be useful for professionals to base their interventions on the types of substance abused.From the above literature review it is evident that there is need for mental health care especially to help young people who are adverse ly affected by the use of drugs and other substance abuse. Some youths suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. Others experience mental problems that need serious rehabilitation measures taken in order to retort such problems hence emphasis should be laid on the care that is to be given to the young people affected by any of the above problems caused by the abuse of drugs and other substances. Therefore, mental health interventions remain an important intervention for young people.A number of recommended adjustments in healthcare to cater for young people essay with abuse have been identified. For example, there should be an increased application of several(a) musical strategies in helping patients suffering from various mental health conditions as a result of substance abuse (Connors, Donovan & DiClemente, 2001), as this kind of intervention appears to be lack in use with young people. some other main limitation in research that aims to measure the effectiveness of intervention measures is the lack of control that researchers have. It would be considered unethical if young people with drug abuse problems were randomly allocated to intervention procedures, especially if one was chosen as a control condition and was not believed to be effective in treating substance abuse issues. This means that it can be difficult to compare intervention methods. Another limitation lies in the types of measure researchers use to measure effectiveness of intervention methods. For example, a self-report measure may be used to assess whether young people have either stopped or at least reduced their use of illicit substances. This type of questionnaire may also be used to see if the young people are seeing a positive result from receiving an intervention. However, self-report measures are open to social desirability bias sum that many young people may fabricate their answers in order to either please the professionals who ar e involved with helping them or to conceal ongoing substance abuse.The review has also emphasized the causes or triggers of alcohol and drug abuse among young people in the United Kingdom showing that the environment a young person stays in is one of the greatest factors that lead to indulgence in alcohol, drug and substance abuse. Other factors like enjoyment, peer pressure, promotions in the media and rebellion are also causes of alcohol, drug and substance abuse among the youth in the United Kingdom (Gurnack, Atkinson and Osgood, 2002). More focus on these root causes could help improve prevention and reduce the need for later intervention, which has a poor track record of success.Finally, there is need according to the literature review to improve media perception of mental health patients in order to help alleviate the conditions of psychiatric disorders that are caused by the indulgence of young people in alcohol, drug and substance abuse (Berglund and Thelander, 2003). This d oesnt indicate ill in the mental nursing services but it just implies that mental health workers and psychiatrists need reinforcement in order to positively contribute to successful intervention (Califano, 2007). This suggestion is based on the need for a more holistic approach when it comes to treating young people with substance abuse issues, where the effect on all areas of their life including their mental health must be taken into account during intervention.Strengths of this Critical literary works ReviewSecondary data was reviewed in this project, which provided larger scope on choices of information for the project. In addition this review was able to identify key areas for improvement of health condition interventions for youths affected by substance abuse.Limitations of this Critical Literature ReviewThis literature review was small in scale, since news show and time limits were set. Although 23 articles were selected for review, this number could have been improved. T his could have provided a greater abstruseness of understanding of the study area. In addition, limited time implicated how the review was to be carried out. 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SourceNumber of rel evant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5597 PsychINFO22 PubMed2337 Google Scholar1,070,000 Nursing.net4435 Nursing and Midwifery Council59 Royal College of Psychiatrists477 Royal College of Nursing library services1,753 Search Term Alcohol Abuse. SourceNumber of germane(predicate) Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence6893 PsychINFO92 PubMed87,995 Google Scholar1,480,000 Nursing.net1760 Nursing and Midwifery Council138 Royal College of Psychiatrists629 Royal College of Nursing library services1,654 Search Term Effects of alcohol abuse. SourceNumber of germane(predicate) Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5476 PsychINFO31 PubMed21,363 Google Scholar1,430,000 Nursing.net8502 Nursing and Midwifery Council40 Royal College of Psychiatrists531 Royal College of Nursing library services2,590 Search term Intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse. SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence3169 PsychINFO3 PubMed215 Google Scholar174,000 Nurs ing.net7672 Nursing and Midwifery Council23 Royal College of Psychiatrists302 Royal College of Nursing library services3,250 accessory B TitleFirst AuthorPublication Year 1Drug treatment and twelve-step program participation the additive effects of unified recovery activities.Fiorentine2000 2A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments.Engle2009 3Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders A review of recent research.RachBeisel1999 4Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12National Drug Treatment Monitoring System2012 5Substance abuse in young people.Gilvarry2000 6The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people results from a multi-site cluster randomised trial.McCambridge2004 7The role of the family in preventing and interviewing with substance use and misuse a comprehensive review of family int ervention, with a focus on young people.Velleman2005 8School effects on young peoples drug use a systematic review of intervention and observational studies.Fletcher2008 9A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people.Jones2006 10Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse foundations, applications and evaluations.Tevyaw2004 11Motivational interviewing for substance abuse.Smedslund2011 12On the learning curve the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse.Waldron2004 13Testing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance abuse in a community setting within treatment and posttreatment findings.Morgenstern2001 14Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention.Kumpfer2003 15Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among y oung people.McCambridge2005 16Drug misuse psychosocial interventions full guideline.National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence2007 17Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change Selecting and planning interventions.Connors2001