What Is A Research Topic

What Is A Research Topic?Research topics are the products of a number of disciplines in the sciences. This also includes how the science was initiated and how it has evolved over time. From the techniques that were used, to the technology that was used, to the ideologies that were employed, the research topics that are used for a particular field of study, can have very diverse traits.In fact, there have been times in the history of a particular science when the topic was not even considered worthy of consideration. Such things happened during periods when scientists and philosophers were inclined to value theories alone, and, when these were the cases, science had to go back to the drawing board in order to come up with a new and improved theory, and an improved method of experimentation.Scientific methods of investigation depend on several factors, and this is precisely why it is necessary to examine the factors that contribute to them. All throughout the years, discoveries and bre akthroughs have occurred for every science and every field of study in the world.The advancement of new tools, methods, and equipment in the laboratory has certainly enhanced the quality of the results that have been achieved in the past. But, no matter how many tools and instruments there are available, you cannot expect to get the same results as those that have been produced before, because it is only through the proper use of all these tools and instruments that a breakthrough could be made.The study of any subject in the world is possible, because the mind of man can be opened to a number of different ways of understanding things. All the stages of the discovery process come from a certain point of view. It has been said that 'scientific thinking begins at a child's desk'.The ways and means by which people of the past dealt with such things has created, and continue to create, various theories and understandings about how the world and the universe work. Of course, there are di fferent types of methods that are more popular than others. Some of these include thermodynamics, biology, cosmology, and quantum mechanics.The more you learn about a subject and the more you gain knowledge about it, the easier it becomes to observe and appreciate the changes that occur during the course of your study progresses. All it takes is a combination of the different studies and the theories that surround them. And, it is the interaction between these studies and theories that makes the sciences so interesting and fascinating.No matter what type of research topic that you choose to study, the thing that you should always remember is that it is important to do the right type of research. If you do not find the answers to your questions while doing the research, then you will find yourself confused, and this may not turn out to be good for you. You will be able to achieve the best results if you focus on the topic that interests you.

Contents of the Dead Mans Pockets - 959 Words

Contents of the Dead Man’s Pockets He was standing on the ledge and was frozen, not knowing what to do. He was thinking, thinking about falling. He stood there frightened. His mind was in a whirl, thinking about what he would lose if he fell; his wife, the family that he could have, his life, his friends, his wonderful job, he would lose all of it. Then he thought about falling. Would it be so bad? His adrenaline went up as he thought about this. Tom’s mind went off again thinking about leaving this world, the life he would leave. His mind pushed everything he loved away and just thought about falling, falling, falling. The wind in his face, the weird feeling in his stomach that he loved, and the anticipation of hitting the ground. He†¦show more content†¦Carl went after the pocket knife and stabbed Tom 37 times in the chest. On the 37th stab, Carl kept the knife in Tom’s chest. Carl ran away from the scene of the crime and wasn’t looking where he was going and he fell off the roof. Clare was back from the movie showing. She was getting out of her car and heard screaming. She looked up and saw Carl five feet above her falling. Bam! Carl hit her head and they both died. The police showed up and saw the accident. They searched the apartment building and saw Tom dead on the roof. After a couple days, they told the press that Carl killed Tom and fell off the roof and accidentally killed Clare, who happened to be Tom’s wife. Tom’s work did get shown to his boss who used his idea from the paper. The ideas Tom had made a profit of $4,000 a year. Tom got an honorary picture on the wall of him; giving him the best worker and risk-taker awards of the groceryShow MoreRelatedContents Of A Dead Man s Pocket938 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Contents of a Dead Man’s Pocket† The short story, â€Å"Contents of a Dead Man’s Pocket† is a simply told story, of a man, Tom Benecke who is faced with many decisions in a short amount of time. One night when he is trying to work, one of his more important sheet of notes flies out of his apartment into the dark abyss of New York but it caught by the ledge outside of his room. As his greed and hunger for business status and money take over his mind and body, he finds himself on the edge of his apartmentRead MoreStephen R. Covey s Contents Of A Dead Man s Pockets1209 Words   |  5 Pagesand career pursuits at the top of their metaphorical list of priorities. In a world driven a million miles an hour by commercial success, it is a wonder anyone has time to â€Å"stop and smell the roses† with the people they care about. In â€Å"Contents of a Dead Man’s Pockets†, Jack Finney expresses the importance of enjoying life rather than chasing fruitless ambition through extensive symbol ism and a touch of satire. At the beginning of the story, as main character Tom Benecke is organizing papers on hisRead MoreThe Sniper Literary Analysis900 Words   |  4 PagesIn the three pieces of text, â€Å"The Leap,† â€Å"The Contents of a Deadman’s pocket,† â€Å"The Sniper,† the three stories all have similar but contrasting literary elements. Setting, Theme, Characters, and conflicts. As you read you will learn of the 4 literary elements. The setting in the 3 pieces of text had led all of the protagonists to conflicts. â€Å"Contents of a Deadman’s pocket.† â€Å"Now balance easily and firmly, stood on the ledge outside in the slight, chill, breeze, eleven stories above the streetRead MoreRising Action In George Connell And Finneys Most Dangerous Game930 Words   |  4 PagesTom in â€Å"Contents of A Dead Man’s Pocket† faces danger and possible death when he walks onto a high ledge. To help engage the reader, â€Å"Most Dangerous Game† and â€Å"Contents of A Dead Man’s Pocket† both use thrilling, rising action and suspenseful climaxes, but they differ when the story resolves. Connell and Finney use similar rising action to create an interesting story for the reader. Once engaged in the plot, the reader wants more. For example, the main character Tom in â€Å"Contents of A Dead Man’s Pocket†Read MoreLiterary Analysis : Literary Elements837 Words   |  4 Pagesstories Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket by Jack Finney, The Trip by Laila Lalami, and Ambush by Tim O’Brien the writers compare and contrast literary elements. Characters are an important literary element, they can be narrators, protagonists, antagonists, and more. In all the stories the main character has similarities and differences. In the three selections the main character does something that caused them trouble in the story or they made a decision that affected them. In Contents of the DeadRead MoreAnalysis Of A Dead Man s Pockets, And Ambush 1507 Words   |  7 Pages1234Literary Analysis Collection 1 Are you ready to analyze three stories? Yes? Awesome! No? Too bad, because here we go! The three stories in question are The Leap, The Contents of a Dead Man’s Pockets, and Ambush. The authors of these stories use aspects of their stories to shape the plot, show the theme, and to change the views of the characters in the stories. The first literary element used in the stories to form the plot, was the setting. In the story Ambush, the narrator is crouching inRead MoreLiterary Analysis Short Story1516 Words   |  7 Pages Are you ready to analyze three stories? Yes? Awesome! No? Too bad, because here we go! The three stories in question are The Leap by Louise Erdrich, The Contents of a Dead Man’s Pockets by Jack Finney, and Ambush by Tim O’Brien. The authors of these stories use aspects of their stories to shape the plot, show the theme, and to change the views and opinions of the characters in the stories. The first literary element used in the stories to form the plot, was the setting. In the story Ambush, theRead MoreDestroyed Dreams On A Yellow Paper808 Words   |  4 PagesI believe the story â€Å"Contents of the Dead Man’s Pockets† should be renamed â€Å"Destroyed dreams on a yellow paper†. â€Å"Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket† isn’t a good title because it doesn’t give the reader an idea of what is happening in the story. This title vaguely explains the purpose of this story. If a dream is place in a dead man’s pocket it means nothing it has no use. Tom spent all of his time focusing on his intent to get promotion with no success. This title â€Å"Destroyed dreams on a yellowRead MoreThe And Of The Basement1720 Words   |  7 Pages Dean called out, mimicking a master calling for his dog. We could hear the dragging gait of our quarry as he passed through the kitchen door we had so carelessly left open. The shuffling sound was muffled by the occasional moan. As the walking dead came into view, my hands tightened on the wooden handle, my sweating palms making a sure grip nearly impossible. At the foot of the steps, the monster looked down, confused. It was seemingly unable to comprehend how to continue. After a few momentsRead MoreShort Story Greed1106 Words   |  5 Pagesmain characters personal traits. In the short story of â€Å"Contents of The Dead Mans Pocket† written by Jack Finney, the main character Tom Benecke chose to be greedy for power and wealth in his work, over his family. â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† a short story written by W.W Jacobs, where the main character, known as Mr. White was greedy and took the monkey’s paw to grant wishes to make his life better. In the third short story â€Å" How Much Lands Does a Man Need?† written by Tolstoy, PahÏÅ'm the main character, chose

Characteristics of Elderly Essay

<h1> Characteristics of Elderly Essay </h1> <h2> Key Pieces of Elderly Essay</h2> <p>They need to have no not exactly a couple of clients, or past customers, which they can allude you to in order to find out about their positive experience. This is because of the way that most organizations wish to forestall misfortunes underway, due to having representatives who must work while at the indistinguishable time care for their older family members. The jury said specialists need much better screening instruments to decide perilous drivers. Home human services suppliers might be the arrangement you've been attempting to discover. </p> <p>In such circumstances, the relatives of such an older individual find a house close to other matured people, in places where the enhancements they require on an everyday premise are effectively accessible. In the event that you surge them or keep quiet, the individual will believe you're attempting to forcibly fee d them. This is especially the situation for individuals who are truly debilitated and require the help of some other man or lady to deal with those. They don't require somebody who abhors coming to carry out the responsibility. </p> <p>In the example of matured people that are not about the family, Japanese spouses or their little girls are the individuals who will in general give their older companions the consideration they require. The meeting assistant can offer rest alleviation once the family parental figure is spent, alongside give true serenity while the family guardian is working or out of the house. This is proper for those of us that are working and can't remain with the older family members during the day as they should answer to carry out the responsibility. </p> <p>Nevertheless, the genuine circumstance doesn't leave a lot to look forward. While scanning for an office, be sure that you go in knowing at any rate a little piece what you need or need. Be that as it may, generally, a superior decision for everyone included is home medicinal services. Typically, elderly people need help and somebody should intrigue them. </p> <h2> The Number One Question You Must Ask for Elderly Essay </h2> <p>Feeding approach If the person being referred to needs taking care of, consistently verify you choose an incredible environment and address them while you do it. That end up being a truly significant exhortation which I will utilize later on. Paper on working moms aren't vastly improved moms. Be that as it may, the example article on thinking about old will give the best guide to those individuals who are experiencing issues to compose on such subject. </p> <h2> Elderly Essay Secrets </h2> <p>The article isn't the least difficult errand to ace. The most effective method to make a commander article. The troubles with political accuracy articles. Pt3 exposition article environment. </p> <h2> How to Get Started with Elderly Essay? </h2> <p>You should regard an old necessities and needs, since they don't have a great deal of time left to live. Normally, it takes as much as two hours of time to search over many destinations until you find something energizing to expound on. The mystery is to keep an equalization. Something else, make an alluring smoothie or milkshake which can be devoured during the day. </p> <h2>The Battle Over Elderly Essay and How to Win It </h2> <p>The potential response for the issue above might be extremely simple. For instance, medicine taken to manage hypertension among more established individuals can without much of a stretch trigger sorrow. Alongside that, it is associated with a large group of other medical pro blems. All things considered, there gives off an impression of being an agreement a moderate weight reduction of 5-10 percent finishes in huge medical advantages. </p> <p>Psychotherapy is an arrangement of treatment that depends on an uncommon connection between a specialist and their patient. These parental figures are progressively experienced and are set up to work at an extremely low compensation. Psychotherapy Most discouraged people find that help from relatives and companions, inclusion in self improvement and care groups, and psychotherapy are amazingly useful. This is on the grounds that some of the older people may even now be healthy while others may be delicate. </p> <h2> Elderly Essay Explained</h2> <p>This technique is considerably less overpowering and furthermore allows the individual to have a functioning impact in their own dynamic. At whatever point your older friends and family live alone, there are a ton of concerns. It is imp ortant to see more regarding the matter of the significant hazard components of inpatient falls and see whether they might be overseen better on the ward. The current clinical challenges, careful hazard and preferences from the medical procedure must be firmly examined by the medicinal services group and talked about with the patient to ensure an ideal choice and a palatable result. </p> <p>All of us need to remain youthful and exquisite, yet I think maturing likewise has a few favorable circumstances. In the two countries, the increase in maturing individuals from the individuals has squeezed the clinical alongside retirement plans. Along these lines, it's imperative to give close consideration to restoration and appropriate nourishment during and following a sickness, especially in the older that as of now have lesser muscle saves. As referenced previously, diagnosing sorrow in the old can be a troublesome assignment because of the considerable number of elements included. </p>

Essay Topics - Learn More About Writing Essays For College Admission

<h1>Essay Topics - Learn More About Writing Essays For College Admission</h1><p>While a few understudies invest most of their energy agonizing over their school applications, a considerable lot of them don't try contemplating the most well-known school affirmation exposition points. With regards to presenting an article to a school confirmations composing administration, they would generally just glance at the name of the school they are applying to and maybe the GPA of the understudy. In any case, this couldn't generally be valid. In all likelihood, the understudy has an issue with their character or how they have shown themselves in the past.</p><p></p><p>Some understudies decide to present their expositions on exceptional events, for example, weddings or commemorations. Others decide to present their exposition themes on their youth or early years. Notwithstanding the case, the vast majority of the understudies are correct when they talk a bout their exposition points being the most widely recognized school affirmation article subjects. That is on the grounds that composing a paper isn't the least demanding assignment anybody can do. Understudies additionally need to think about a few different perspectives when composing an exposition for school admissions.</p><p></p><p>Another significant thing is having clear objectives as a main priority. After understudies have concocted their school application expositions, they can utilize these articles to determine what they need from life, while taking their ideal vocation way into thought. The most well-known school confirmation paper points include:</p><p></p><p>Every individual has a specific level of passionate connection to life. This is an approach to show how you are influenced by the occasions that have unfolded in your life. Notwithstanding, feelings must be a piece of it. Indeed, the absolute best paper themes would b e ones that talk about the potential changes you would encounter when you get in a specific way in school. Be that as it may, it is additionally significant that your paper is composed dependent on realities and insights, which will improve your evaluations and other statistics.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies imagine that the most widely recognized school affirmation article subjects are composing papers about schools. Nonetheless, there are additionally papers that are composed dependent on issues that have occurred before, for example, family undertakings or companions who left. Truth be told, your article theme can talk about what you plan to achieve when you get to school. Remember that you don't need to expound on any past or present occasion for a school affirmation essay.</p><p></p><p>However, one thing is without a doubt that there are a lot of points that understudies can mess around with when they present their school confirm ation article themes. They could be expounding on how the understudy utilizes the Internet to search for data about various courses. Or on the other hand they could even expound on something that occurred in their lives. A few understudies likewise utilize the article subjects to discuss their school decision. These are only a portion of the things that understudies normally enjoy.</p><p></p><p>As referenced prior, the most well-known school affirmations paper points are papers that can show how the understudy has indicated a great deal of enthusiasm for their investigations. Beside indicating what the understudy needs from their life, these articles likewise show what sort of individual the understudy is. Obviously, the exposition ought not be excessively specific.</p>

Help on Research Paper

<h1>Help on Research Paper</h1><p>When you are a doctoral understudy, you will discover help on an examination paper can be rare. There are a couple of things you have to do to compose the best one possible.</p><p></p><p>Know who your crowd is. How would you know the individuals who will peruse your paper? You need to design your exploration venture so the crowd fits in with the subject of your paper. In the event that you have a gathering of loved ones that are keen on science and research, remember them for your examination papers. They will be bound to peruse it.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that your work is intelligent. The peruser ought to consistently feel as though you are conversing with them about a similar subject. At the point when you compose, ensure that your paper makes sense.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that your examination paper is organized appropriately. It is significant that your pape r understands well. Having intense letters is adequate, yet italics and underlining ought to be stayed away from. A decent practice is to simply duplicate the design from a model. It tends to be useful when attempting to make sense of how to arrange your paper.</p><p></p><p>Create a structure. You ought to have an away from for each area of your paper. Incorporate the reason for your paper. The request where you will introduce your thoughts is likewise significant. You ought to mastermind your thoughts so they show up in the request wherein they belong.</p><p></p><p>Use guides to represent your thoughts. Another accommodating stunt is to give models. Models give lucidity and heading to your paper. You can likewise utilize these guides to give you how your thoughts interface with past ideas.</p><p></p><p>Helpon an exploration paper ought to be organized and sorted out. Numerous individuals neglect this and ruin t heir examination papers. On the off chance that you are attempting to compose your own examination paper, you should attempt to discover help online.</p><p></p><p>When you are doing your exploration, ensure you prepare. You should know about how much time you have accessible to compose your paper. Follow the above tips, and your examination paper will be finished faster.</p>

Why Flash Essay Topics Is Good For Study Skills

<h1>Why Flash Essay Topics Is Good For Study Skills</h1><p>Flash article subjects can be utilized in an assortment of ways. They can be utilized to rapidly present countless thoughts that will assist with building a strong establishment for additional perusing. They can likewise be utilized to help understudies in improving their appreciation and maintenance of the material they have quite recently perused. The decision is totally up to the student.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to utilizing paper subjects for better examination aptitudes, there are two kinds of themes that ought to be natural to most understudies. There are points that have been as of now utilized in different types of composing, for example, inquire about papers, and there are new ones that have not yet been found. Understudies ought to have the option to perceive these kinds of expositions dependent on the arrangement. Understudies will likewise need to get familiar with the contrasts between composing an exposition around one of these subjects, and composing an article around one of these themes without utilizing it as a beginning point.</p><p></p><p>Research Papers - Research papers, or proposals, are composed from the viewpoint of a scientist. Postulations spread an enormous assortment of subjects. Proposals are additionally utilized in schools to help show the understudies a wide scope of subjects. There are a few occasions where understudies might be approached to compose an article on a subject that has just been shrouded in a postulation, however understudies might be advised to abstain from returning and rehashing work. The explanation is that it very well may be very hard to re-compose explore papers and expositions, particularly if understudies are as of now acquainted with the topic.</p><p></p><p>Topics with an Enthusiastic Subject - Students frequently wind up being approached to compose an art icle on a theme they appreciate. This generally implies they have a profound enthusiasm for the point. In the event that they don't comprehend the subject all around ok to compose an article that will engage others, they will be greatly improved off turning down the assignment.</p><p></p><p>Opinion Polls - Polls can be an integral asset in assisting with making an intriguing topicthat is fascinating to a wide scope of individuals' assessments. Surveys can be utilized related to a theory, as they can assist with exhibiting the creator's capacity to accumulate information.</p><p></p><p>Surveys - Surveys can be utilized in any circumstance where a gathering of individuals will be asked to answer inquiries. Studies have a long history in the scholarly community. Understudies should feel great with these kinds of assignments.</p><p></p><p>These are a couple of instances of how glimmer exposition themes can be utilize d. An understudy can utilize one of these themes as a bouncing off point for examining an effectively settled subject. Or then again, they can decide to utilize one of these subjects to compose a paper on a totally new topic.</p><p></p><p>While streak article points can be utilized to enable an understudy to learn and pick up introduction to an assortment of themes, they are most normally used to help improve their understanding appreciation. Understudy's who intend to compose their own theses should attempt to utilize the exposition subjects they become familiar with the frequently, as they can enormously improve their cognizance when taking a shot at their own paper. Postulations ought to be picked dependent on the idea of the topic and ought not be subject to a current topic.</p>

Theoritical Approach Definition Banking Innovation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3061 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? To start with , bank can be defined as an establishment authorized by the government for the safekeeping of money. In other words, it is an institution to receive deposits, make loans, act as an intermediary in financial transactions and provide other services to its customer. The bank have the duty of controlling liquidity , fixed exchange rate according to market forces and securing information about each customer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theoritical Approach Definition Banking Innovation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Innovation can be defined as a process by which a new invention is being introduced in the society. In order to be called innovation , an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need, Banking innovation can be defined as the new developments and invention in the banking sector to benefit and facilitate the task of the society. According to Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990), innovation means the introduction of new technology in the environment which will eventually benefits the task of people. The banking sector is in progress as more and more new banking innovation is being introduced in the society making the routine tasks of the people more simple. Banks no longer restricted themselves to traditional banking activities but explore new avenues. Diederen (1990) showed that information technology is vital in the banking sector for the prospects and improvements in the financial transaction. Also customer service is an additional form of banking in novation being offered. As said by Hanson (2000) , customer service is present in order to help customers to facilitate their task regarding banking sector. In other words , it helps people to adapt themselves to the new banking innovation. 2.2 Banking Innovation : Benefits and Drawbacks Internet Banking Internet banking exists only on the internet. It allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their bank. In other words , it make banking more convenient for customers as they can use their personal computer to access any information they have the rights to acquire. In addition, it is very advantageous for busy customers as they can gain access to their accounts from home or office. Internet banking facilitate tasks like payment of bills, account enquiries, exchange rate information, recharging mobile phone credit , fund transfer, loan application and application for new accounts. Also, with internet banking, it is more quickly and convenient as the task can be done more quickly rather than queuing at the bank. According to Booz (1997), the expense for using internet banks is about twenty per cent whereas on the other hand , expense for normal banks is about sixty per cent and hence expenditures on paper slips and forms decreases and this can help the profit margin of the bank to increase. In addition, Sathye (1999) added that internet banking is the most profitable tool for providing services to customers. Furst et al (2002) said that there are two types of internet banking which are firstly an established website where every customer gain access to their respective bank through the internet and secondly, the internet-only bank and this type of internet banking have no main branch and it rely only on computer server. However , internet banking may also have some disadvantages. An illiterate person may not be fully aware of how to use the internet banking rather in the normal bank , he can go to some employee of the bank to ask for solutions. Also forgery can be an important factor against internet banking. User name and password may be hack and in such case, people loses their money without knowing. There can also have technical breakdowns that is , banking websites go down. Phone Banking Phone banking is a service provided by the bank to enable customer who possess a phone and a bank account to carry various banking operations like checking their account balances, exchange rate information , transfer of funds between two accounts and many others. Also, there is no queuing at the bank as the services can be accessed anywhere using the phone. It is also more convenient for customers and reduces paperwork of the bank. According to Laukkanen (2007), mobile banking with good connection improve service quality as customers can perform financial transaction regardless of time and place. Hence this can brought forward a close relationship between the banks and the customers. According to the Federal Reserve Study (2012), 21% of people possessing a mobile are using the services of mobile banking. However, the procedure using the phone banking might be long. The data transmission is not fast when comparing with internet banking. Also there may not have enough security when u sing phone banking while comparing with other banking innovation. Automated Teller Machine ( ATM ) Card It is an electronic banking outlet which allows customers to perform certain banking transactions without the aid of a branch representatives. ATM card is also known as bank card , client card , key card or cash card. Mc Nally and Abernathy (1989) quoted only one advantage : the cost of each transaction is lower when the ATM is used as opposed to a live teller. After the installation of the ATM machines , services to customers like withdrawing of funds , balance enquiries and transferring of funds from current account to savings account are allowed outside the bank. In addition , money can be withdrawn at any time of the day or night. It also reduce workload of banks staff , provide services with no error and prove to be beneficial for travellers as there is no need to carry large amount of money. However there are few pitfalls of ATM as fraudulent card readers called skimmers can be placed over authentic reader in order to capture numbers and codes to thieves. Also, thieves norma lly are aware that people leaving the ATM destination must be having withdrawn money and hence the customers are attacked. In addition , a bank fees is charged when removing money from the ATM. Also illiterate person would not be comfortable with is new technology. Gilly and Zeithaml (1985) said that senior citizens would less likely be adapted with ATM and they would prefer to go to the bank itself. Credit Cards Credit cards have been a part of daily transaction since the 19th century. Franklin National Bank issued the first bank credit card in 1952. It is a payment card issued to customers for payment. It can be used instead of cash for purchasing. There is sometimes great competition in the credit card industry and hence some banks often offer gift vouchers in order to attract customers. According to White (1975) , credit cards enable the purchase of goods and services without the need to have the money present at the time of purchasing. Usually a credit limit is available which the customer can do their purchases and payment be done at a later date. At the end of each month, the cardholder receive a statement indicating his amount owed. Brito and Hartley (1995) said that credit card can serve customer a means of precautionary money available to them. Even large purchases can be cover depending on the credit limit. Credit cards avoid fraud, that is only the exact amount will be paid from the card. At the point of sale , there is a system known as electronic verification which verify whether the card is valid or not and checking whether the customer has sufficient credit to meet the purchases. It is also advantageous for the merchants as credit card is a more secure way of receiving payment than liquid cash as this would discourage theft. It is also more convenient when travelling than carrying cash and can meet unexpected emergencies like car repairs or health needs. As said by Feinberg (1986), credit cards encourages spending and hence decreasing the ability of consumers to save for future needs. In other words it reduces the buying power as the credit used must be repaid. It encourages debt and bankruptcy if not used wisely. Also further interest charges are added if the amount owed is not paid fully. Debit Cards It is a plastic card that enable cardholder to perform financial transactions or withdraw money through the Automatic Teller Machine. The first debit card was introduced in UK in the year 1987.With the use of a debit card , purchases can be made hence decreasing the need of carrying money everywhere and an interest is earn on the deposit that is available on the debit card. Also online products can be purchased with the use of the debit card. As said by king and king (2005) , the usage of debit cards increases because consumers are worried about the credit that should be repaid later after making purchases when using credit cards. Unlike credit cards , debit cards allows customer to stay within the budget as only the money available in the account can be spend. Debit cards are accepted more easily by merchants rather than personal cheque. However, there are some drawbacks associated with debit cards. If the card is lost , you can lose all money available in the account as pin code can be easily found with the new technologies. Doing purchases online is not always advantageous as it encourages online scam threat , that is , the card can be used to make unauthorized transactions by hackers. Also , debit card is not acceptable everywhere to make purchases , like small shops or markets, hence in such places liquid cash is a better option. Smart Cards Smart card was invented in 1973 by a Frenchman named Roland Marino. Smart card known as the electronic wallet looks the same as a credit card in size and shape. As said by Fancher (1997), smart cards contains a single chip micro controller embedded in the plastic, hence large amounts of data can be stored in it. The level of security when using a smart card is quite high as data can only be accessible only if the Personal Identification Number (PIN) is typed. Like credit cards, smart card can also store financial information. Moreover, it can store business information , telephone numbers and personal information given its high level of data storage. However , data stored on a smart card cannot be altered. Once stored , it is forever. Also , smart card is more exprensive than other ordinary card readers. Electronic money Electronic money . also known as digital money , electronic cash , electronic currency , cyber currency or e-money can be defined as money which is exchanged electronically. The use of computer network, internet and digital stored value systems is essential for using the electronic money. There are two types of electronic money that exists which are identified e-money and anonymous e-money. Identified e-money contains information about the person who withdrew the money. On the other hand , anonymous e-money looks like real paper cash and once money is withdrawn from an account , no identification of the person can be made. There also exists two types of approaches of electronic money , that is online e-money and offline e-money. Online e-money can be defined as the interaction with a bank to conduct a transaction with another person. The use of credit cards at the point of sale can be a good example as the banks computer would indicate whether the card is valid or not on the spot . However the bank has to maintain a detailed and up-to-date database. On the other hand , offline e-money is when a transaction is done without involving a bank directly. However if a double spender is found , the prevention may not be immediate. An example of offline e-money would be smart card. IMPACT OF BANKING INNOVATION According to Joseph and Stone (2003) , the new banking innovation in recent years like automated teller machines and internet banking services has increased customers confidence and market share. The more banking innovation being introduced in a country can lead to a more perfect economic development. Levine (1997) identified five characteristics which shows its contribution to economic development. These are savings mobilization, controlling of risks, proper allocation of resources, corporate control and enable the trading of goods and services. Also , with banking innovation , the bank branches would be less crowded with people as computer literate people would prefer doing the transaction through the internet. Also, the fact that most of the transactions are computerized hence there will be less paper work. Also, in case of emergency , money can be withdrawn from the ATM regardless of time. However banking innovation may not prove to be beneficial for all people. Many people may lose their jobs at the bank branches because many financial transaction are being processed through the internet. Also, illiterate people may not fully adapt themselves to these form of innovation. They would not benefit the same as literate person as they must go to the branches itself to perform the transaction though it could have been done at home itself. Also , they might be getting a lot of difficulty to use ATM machine as the steps and instructions to follow are normally written in English. Moreover inventing and doing research on new tools in the banking sector like credit cards , debit cards, the automated teller machine and smart cards cost a lot of money. EMPIRICAL APPROACH Theories of Banking Innovation and Literature Review According to Dannenberg and keller (1998) , retail banking is severely affected with the use of internet banking as normally retails banks process financial transactions directly with the customers. Hence internet banking would not allow close relationship between the bank and customer. However, Dannenberg and keller (1998) also found a possibility to let both the customers and the bank to communicate person-to-person that is , by using video conferencing. Sujit Chakravorti (2003) has studied that credit cards provide only benefits to merchants and consumers and also proved that it is better than other payment cards while comparing the number of transactions being processed over the last 20 years. The latter also conducted a discussion about credit card network about how to tackle the challenges. Moreover, in 2006 ,a model was constructed by Sujit Chakravorti to study consumers , card issuer and merchants. According to this model , three interesting results were found. Firstly , if cost of funds of the issuer is low and the profit margin earned by the merchant is high then the issuer grant credit cards to selected consumers to increase sales of merchants. Secondly , the ability of issuer to charge high discount fees depends upon the number of customers using credit cards. Thirdly , every merchants profit decreases in the next period when they all started to accept credit cards , hence an intertemporal effect is arised. Hayashi and Klee (2003) examined the use of debit cards by consumers. The latter used the data from the year 2001 in order to get a survey about how much uses the internet and hence found that the literate persons using technology are more adapted the new form of payment that is , the use of debit cards. However whether to use debit card or not depends upon the type of purchase being made. He also pointed out that personal preferences and transaction-specific factors are important. According to the study of Adams and Thieben (1991) o f training people over fifty years old to use Automated Teller Machine , they found that the type of training provided is not sufficient for the usage of the ATM. Hence , the fact that banks provide little training opportunities , people must learn on their own about how to use the ATM. Hatta and Liyama (1991) also studied that people can use ATM successfully without any instructions. They found that the first try for deposits was 69% , 53% for the transferring of funds between two accounts and 58% for the withdrawing of funds. They also believe that practice makes perfect. However , both studies shows that there is a need train people to use the ATM. Hatta and Liyama ( 1991) suggest that the design of the ATM should be taken into consideration in order to facilitate the people trying to use ATM for the first time. According to the study of Suoranta (2003) , she found that people using phone banking are normally between the age groups 25 to 34 years old and must be literate. She also found that some people prefer mobile banking rather than internet banking services. Hence the users of internet banking and phone banking would differ. Suoranta (2003) also said that it is vital for the service provider to be aware of the differences between users of internet banking and phone banking so that they can correctly make better allocation of resources and marketing strategies to be brought forward. The aim of this research done by Suoranta (2003) was simply to know how users of phone banking differ from that of internet banking. A study was carried forward by Lunt (1992) in order to examine the factors that increase the card usage in USA when consumers have many credit cards. He found that consumers uses one credit card rather than the other because of advantages like low interest rates and also the amount of credit limit being offered. Lunt ( 1992) also noted that the number of people using credit cards in USA is constantly increasing because of the high credit limits being offered to them. He also said that US credit cards banks uses techniques like giving bonus on cash at bank and no annual fee to be paid in order to encourage card holder. Another similar study was carried by Kaynak and Harcar ( 2001) to examine consumer behavior towards the ownership of credit card in Turkey and found that the structure of the card , the choice and attitudes of the cardholders that matters for the type of credit cards to be used. Boeschoten (1992) studied the impact of payment cards on cash demand in Netherlands. On the data collected in 1990 from household surveys , he examined how the automated teller machine , credit cards and debit cards cause an impact of the cash demand in Netherlands. Boeschoten (1992) said that the coefficient of a dummy variable when measuring the usage of ATM is not large for the amount of cash in the purse and the same case is for debit cards, that is , it does not affect purse cash demand. However when focusing on the ove rall cash demand rather than purse cash demand , then he found out that the constant use of debit card and ATM decreases the cash in hand by 15% and 18% respectively. According to Duca and Whitesell (1995), the cardholder normally do not check their money balances frequently. Duca and Whitesell (1995) conducted a study and showed that if the percentage of people holding a card is 10% hence 9% of cardholders would not bother about checking their bank balances regularly. He also highlighted that a variable and a sample is important when studying with these data.