Brazil Will Eventually Become Economic Powerhouse Essay

Currently, Brazil with its population hitting 186. 6 million has the ninth largest economy in the world (Jaeger, p. 2). Since the beginning of the 21st century the country has been enjoying a well-established economic stability, low inflation, high productivity rates and developing macro-economic infrastructure. Currently, Brazilian economic indexes are gradually improving in their dynamics, though some of them still remain on the average level for Latin American region. In particular, GDP growth in 2006 was hardly over 3% (Estevao). Since the middle of the last century Brazil was expected to develop shortly into â€Å"the world’s next economic power. † However due to two-decade long economic stagnation and financial crises in the mid-1980s Brazil has lost its positions and fell short of expectations regarding its economic development, especially in comparison with rapidly progressing economies of the countries in Asian region, such as China, Taiwan or South Korea, etc. (Adrogue, Cerisola & Gelos, p. 3). Nevertheless, in the 1990s a series of well-planned governmental policies were implemented and Brazilian economy went through a number of structural economic changes, which allowed achieving certain stability, especially on macro-economic level. Therefore, country’s inflation was taken under control, external debt was considerably decreased, and numerous measures directed on reformation of financial infrastructure, liberalization of trade, achieving price stability and stimulating general economic growth were undertaken (Jaeger, p. 5-6). This way the country managed to improve its international image and gain a reputation of â€Å"trustworthy† nation again. As a result, since recent times Brazil has been receiving a lot of private investments. Foreign investors are attracted by high return of their funds and relatively low risks. Such significant factors, as good demographic situation in the country, high interest rates, stable political situation and prudent governmental policies regarding overseas trade, created absolutely favorable environment for foreign businessmen, who intend to invest their funds and start their businesses in Brazil. Good investment climate and economic stability are not the only factors determining future rise of Brazilian economy. In addition to that, Brazil is very rich with various natural resources. Those are, first of all, huge territories of arable lands available for cultivation of a great variety of crops. Moreover, there are large mineral and plant resources including iron, copper and even gold, which have not been even properly explored yet. That is why there are great opportunities for different industrial and agricultural companies in Brazil. Undoubtedly, there are some problems which require immediate attention and solution in order to fasten economic development and achieve high levels of social wellbeing. Those include corrupted educational system and problems with human capital, insufficient financial and fiscal systems, poverty and income disparities, etc. Certainly, such reforms are hard to implement within some short period of time, therefore, positive transformations are expected to become effective gradually. Nevertheless, modern Brazil can be called the â€Å"country of the future† with its huge national market, cheap working power, abundance of natural resources, and many other factors determining a large long-term economic potential of the country (Jaeger, p. 2). Great economic stability and openness, steady increase in manufacturing and consumption, establishment of new international trade connections and other fundamentals will definitely contribute greatly to future prosperity and economic power of the country. Works Cited: Estevao, Marcello. â€Å"Brazil Seeks to Unlock Economic Potential. † International Monetary Fund. 26 Feb. 2007. 25 Nov. 2007 . Jaeger, Marcus. Brazil: Economic scenarios for the next 15 years. Ed. Maria L. Lanzeni. Deutsche Bank Research. Frankfurt Am Main: Deutsche Bank AG, 2006 Adrogue, Richardo, Martin Cerisola and Gaston Gelos. Brazil’s Long-Term Growth Performance -Trying to Explain the Puzzle. International Monetary Fund, unpublished manuscript, December 2006.

Credit Card Debt

Many people use credit cards and most of the time the credit card is not used in the right moment. I believe that credit cards are not beneficial because they aren't used for the right things. It would be very different if they were used correctly, credit cards are to be used it case of an emergency,meaning not to be used when you are going to the 7-eleven to buy a bag of chips an a soda. It has shown that more than 75% percent of americans have been bankrupt or on the verge of it.There are more than 60% of americans that have credit card debt because they are using them for the wrong things. Facts have proven that the total U. S. credit card debt, is $793. 1 Billion. and Average credit card debt per household is 15,799. Most people do not understand that when you have a credit card it comes with alot of responsibility and i say that because there are more than 10% of americans have been victims of credit card theft it may not seem like alot but credit card theft is a very serious th ing.Most complaints come from adults within the ages 40-59, Nevada, Colorado, and New Hampshire have the highest rate of credit card fraud. Having a credit card is not what people think it is; people think that if i have a credit card then i do not have to have money with me, and its just free money but its very dangerous to have a credit card. Having a credit card can lead to bankrupt and going bankrupt can make you lose everything such as your car, house, and etc. , or it could be worse an you could be placed in jail for a long time.Just because you had a credit card and used it for the wrong thing and spent way to much money†¦ A credit card is nothing but trouble each and every type of way. The credit card companies and banks are getting richer, while most Americans are getting more in debt. The economy is in trouble, therefore, more and more people are relying on credit cards. In today's society we are constantly trying to get out of debt, but in the process of trying to ge t ourselves out of debt, we create more debt.One of the major problems that most of us are dealing with is credit card debt. Most credit card companies are not looking out for your best interest. They are constantly raising interest rates. Minimum payments are just enough to cover the finance charges. Most Americans should not use credit cards for the following reasons: it will create bad spending habits; you will incur more debt affecting credit score rating; and possibly make you a victim of identity theft.In my opinion, a credit card should be used for purchases that you are able to pay off in full upon receiving your statement, but most of us don't. Most people lack self control and tend to misuse the credit card. Credit cards should mainly be used for emergencies, but we tend to use them for everyday purchases such as: food, gas, clothing, etc. Some people are living in a borrowed lifestyle, because they purchase things they can't afford. People will spend more on a purchasing using a credit card than they would with cash. People that use credit cards tend to spend 12%-18% more on transactions than those who use cash (faithfitnessfinance. com). † For example, if you are going to pay with a credit card in a fast food establishment, it is easier to get the large drink instead of the medium drink. When the statement arrives, most people will make the minimum payment on his/her credit card. The minimum payment only covers the finance charges, which will increase the amount of time it will take to pay the debt off. â€Å"It will also increase the amount of interest you end up paying

Business and Customers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business and Customers - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that customers often have different needs, and, depending on the times, these needs change. Understanding these needs is a clear indication that the customer comes first. This paper will examine the warning signs vendors and sales representatives might check for to know if the industry is commoditized. One warning sign that a vendor and a sale representative should be looking at is the attainment of financial objectives. If a business does not attain its financial objectives, it may be a warning sign that their industry and its products are being commoditized. Customers need an avenue where their products and services needs are addressed. If it were all about prices, then customers would be going for all the cheapest products. However, this is not the case. People believe that the manner in which most businesses approach them is what counts. This may determine if they buy the products or not. Moreover, working with customers is a way to understand what they need. By doing this, understanding how and why an organization will be willing to go that extra mile to taking care of their customers’ needs is easy. If many customers claim that they feel brands are what make them purchase a product, the industry may be commoditized. If they feel that only one brand is satisfying, and they are reluctant to try any other product, it may be a clear indicator that the choices are made based on the commodity’s status. In conclusion, for any business to flourish, it should be willing to work with its consumers. This is the reason why they are in business in the first place. Understanding their needs will promote loyalty among the consumers. This is because people tend to appreciate the attention given to them by businesses.

Nature and nurture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nature and nurture - Research Paper Example Some people also argue that both have an equal share in developing a child. Essentially, the question is, which of the two influences the children more, their biological and genetic circumstances i.e. nature, or their socioeconomic environment, peer associations and parenting skills i.e. nurture? Most experts are of the view that both the nature and nurture play a big role in the child’s cognitive, social and physical development, though there is little to no information regarding the degree to which either of the two participates in the processes of development. This essay aims at discussing the influence of nature and nurture on babies. Nowadays, people generally understand the relationship between nature and nurture. Babies are obviously influenced by both nature and nurture. Nature and nurture play mixed roles in the development of a baby's speech. The nature part of it is that the baby is bourn with the ability to learn the skill of making speech. On the other hand, the e nvironment in which a child grows up causes the child to start speaking within one to two years. The reason why babies start to speak when they are as little as one year old is that their brain is not complete. For example, children who grow up in the middle class of America start to speak when they are only one year old in comparison to the children that live in San Marcos village in Guantanamo, who take quite longer to begin speaking.

Development of modern educational system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of modern educational system - Essay Example But I decided to help him out. He knows he is smart enough to even beat others. He worked so hard at reading, but it just never gets easier. Astutely observing his tribulations, his problem came out as 'Dyslexia'. Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. [cite this] Dyslexic children seem to have trouble learning early reading skills, problems hearing individual sounds in words or phrases, examining whole words or sentences in parts, and amalgamating sounds into words. Sometimes they may not differentiate between the letters "b" and "d". The words and sentences seem to them as if they are mingling together or overlapping each other or even moving on the page. It can also be innate in some families; even a number of genes may develop dyslexia. These students are easily being teased, even neglected in social or educational institutions. Though some may have remarkable talents in art, athletics, architecture, graphics, d rama, music, or engineering but they do not realize because of their shyness [cite this]. The vital thing is to help these children in muddling through and providing 'inclusive' education to all schools and colleges. Baroness Warnock (2005) advocated the idea of 'inclusive' education and schools by transferring the students, with special needs, to mainstream schools from special educational institutions. The questionnaires design... The questionnaires designed to scrutinize analysis are very accommodating and helpful to get awareness of their approaches to learn, for the students as well as teachers. Sufficient rigorous ways for setting the more quantitative outcome are obligatory and reliable ascriptions made to the intrusions. Changes found could provoke the factors, such as incentive-ness, self-esteem, sense of worth, and concentration by teachers and it is important to control for as many (Martimore, 2005). So many arguments and actions in the area of 'inclusion' have been focused on altering mainstream schools to comprise pupils who have restrained learning difficulties or any disabilities. The focal point is clearly on learning obscurities as being at the interface between the pupil, teacher and curriculum. Individual program plans should never be taught in isolation [needs citation]. It is a fact that these children will be there and that they are entitled to our attention and the same standard of education as any other child in a class. Challenging behavior can be viewed as an annoyance and source of irritation in the classroom, or as an opportunity to develop new skills and understandings about teaching and learning. 'If a child does not learn the way you teach then teach him the way he learns.' (Chasty, 1999) Some of the main hindrances in achieving inclusive education system were the stringency present in the current education system. The SENCo-Forum, Special Educational Needs Action Programme, mentioned some of the rigidities in achieving inclusive system in educational environments (NASEN, 2004). Inclusive education needs the expert staff levels to meet the

The Integration of Sustainability Initiatives (green) and Performance Research Paper

The Integration of Sustainability Initiatives (green) and Performance Excellence Intiatives - Research Paper Example Additionally, it led to reduction of trees consumption. Proper implementation of the initiatives enabled the company to make $ 2.4 millions in expenditure savings (Espinoza & Walker, 2007). Dow Chemical Company adopted green and performance initiatives in the 1990s. The company reduced the use of water. Initially, the company used a large amount of water in the production processes. It adopted various initiatives that aimed at improving the wellbeing of the environment. The environmental initiatives were complemented by performance structures that ensured sustained performance of the business. The other initiatives that the company developed include utilization of seed oils in the production of polyurethane foam, and use of sugarcane in the production of polyethylene. These were done in Brazil. Furthermore, the company used biodiesel waste to produce high-tech epoxy resins. The initiatives enabled Dow Chemical Company to make $ 5 billion because of savings and efficiencies that resulted (Espinoza & Walker, 2007). This occurred during the period between 2000 and the year 2005. The concepts of sustainability and performance initiatives have been used in development of promotion strategies. New Belgium Brewing has used the initiatives to market the company, improve performance and increase market share of the company. The core beliefs and values of the company relate to the environment. They seek to ensure sustainability approach in the use of the environment. The company adopted the use of wind power in the production process in 1998. Previously, the company used hydroelectric power. Since then, the company has adopted other sustainability approaches to business. An example of the initiatives includes use of heat in the brewery to light buildings. The management of the company used the sustainability approach to brand the business (Mintzer, 2008). Curtis Packaging took a

An American President and Its Political Themes Movie Review

An American President and Its Political Themes - Movie Review Example Wade for the passage of her environmental bill. The film showed that each of the Congressmen and the President himself plays a vital role in the passage of a bill whether it is beneficial to the people or not. The President in the movie along with his representative has to confer with the Congressmen to get their votes for the passage of the crime bill. According to Article II, Section I of the American Constitution, the president has the power to appoint high positions such as ambassadors and court judges but only after he has consulted with the Senate. The President has the power to make treaties with other nations but only after seeking advice and consent 2/3rds of the Senate. The constitution also stated that the President may recommend legislative measures he believed to be important in advancing the interest of the country and may veto bills from Congress but still he is subject to 2/3rds of the Congress. President Obama himself had a hard time convincing the Senate and the Con gress on the approval of the Recovery Bill or the stimulus fund. According to Herszenhorn in his article â€Å"Recovery Bill Gets Final Approval† for The New York Times, there was not a single House Republican who voted for the bill and that the bill’s passage itself was largely partisan in nature. ... fluences within their the political circle but also have the privilege to shape or destroy the future of the citizens under the guise of law and partisan loyalty. Another political theme showed in the movie is on the role of media in politics. The mass media in all its forms is very valuable to people who live a public life like the politicians and artists. The media is long known to either break or make a person’s career. In the movie, the media was seen as a tool that did both favor and misfortune to the President and his love interest. When the main antagonist in the film denounced the President and made an issue with his personal affairs, the media took the reign and published the criticisms which contributed to the rise and fall of the approval ratings. On the other hand, Sydney Ellen Wade, the love interest of the President suffered from the publicity which contributed to her loss in congress votes for the environmental bill and ended to her unemployment. Even if the med ia reports are unbiased it can change the perception of the public. Thus, it is very important that the general public should be equally proactive in determining whether the news feeds are unbiased, credible, and true. Bob Rumson, the Republican political rivalry of the President was seen in the movie to have made an effort to destroy the President’s credibility. When he discovered that the President was having an affair with Ms. Wade, she used it as a tool to create bad publicity against the President. Kaplan in her article â€Å"Perry dodges again† on CBS news revealed that GOP presidential candidate Rick Perry questioned again the citizenship of President Obama and the authenticity of his birth certificate. The issue on the authenticity of President Obama’s birth certificate was a

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business law - Assignment Example The two cases include breaches of contracts by the High Street phone shop and Nokia Phone Company. In the hotel case, the rule of liability applies where a management distances itself from responsibilities. In the phone case, customers and the dealers breach the contract. The customers have made a deal with the company and it denies. This piece of work comprehensively discusses the two cases with reference to business law. Relevant issues For any case to be filed in a court there must be relevant issues. The issues form basis for the court proceedings. In this scenario, a customer of a hotel has filed a complaint for her stolen valuables. The court must use relevant laws that are applicable to business. The customer is right to claim her properties. Though the management put a notice distancing itself from any responsibilities, the court must reconsider this provision. The goods disappeared in the hotel premises and the customer has the right to claim them or file a suit against the hotel. Freda had an important issue to attend to that gullies hotel must consider. The rule of good ethics can apply in this situation because any organization must be responsible for whatever happens in its premise (Young 2009, p.1). For sure, the customer’ valuables may have fallen into the hands of room service. The hotel is therefore compelled to explain the behaviours of its staff and it makes them responsible for the customer’s loss. Rules of law applicable to the facts of the problem The rule of legal liability applies to this case. It is defined as â€Å"obligations under law arising from the civil actions (torts) or under contract† (Antoine 2008, p.440). The courts make decisions even if the parties have decided to settle the case out of the court trough mutual agreement. Liability insurance covers torts originated liabilities and not contractual obligations. The law of that applies in this case is â€Å"duty to guest† (Scwenzer, Hachem & Kee 201 2, p.128). A common law binds innkeepers to bear responsibility if a guest looses a property while at the premise. The requirements are often contained in the innkeeper’s statute (Antoine 2008, p.510). This statute lies where the management and its staff can easily access it. It is a law that makes the hotel avoids paying liabilities to customers. However, the law can be reviewed when the court applies it to Freda’s case. For any lost property, there must be a claim. If the court decides against her, then it must also consider the future behaviour of the hotel. The management might make it a habit of not absconding responsibility to ethically wrong practices in its premise. The claimant is right to claim her belongings and the hotel must pay them. In summary, the law of guest property applies in the hotel industry but is subject to consideration if the situation implies that the management is irresponsible. The customer has suffered a loss in the hotel while attending to another important duty. In this case, a business meeting that needed her presence. May be in the process of attending the meeting, she forgot all her belonging or it would be improper to carry them to the place. The hotel is therefore responsible for the stolen property and must make payments. It is advisable for Freda to file the case in court. The hotel industry is same as hospitality industry. It should show some hospitality to customers. If Freda is does not receive compensation then it will bring a bad reputation to the whole industry. Customers closely

Social iSolation Prompted by Technology & Social Media Research Paper

Social iSolation Prompted by Technology & Social Media - Research Paper Example Today people hardly find time to speak to their neighbors, colleagues, and friends. Instead, they make relations with unknown people around the world through social media. Evidently this situation leads to social isolation, a potential issue affecting the social development process. According to Cacioppo and Hawkley, â€Å"social isolation is defined as the absence of contact with other people and lack of integration to society and includes the perceived feeling of being isolated from others† (as cited in Uribe, 2007, p. 3). Studies indicate that social isolation can cause depression and other long term psychological impacts on the victims. This paper will explore to what extent the obsessive use of technology and social media promote social isolation. It is assumed that the current trend in the use of social media and technology would drastically affect the social lives of individuals, and hence this issue should not be taken lightly. The primary audience of this paper will be anyone who uses social media and similar technologies to connect with family and friends. The secondary audience includes my professor and fellow classmates. Evidently social media and technology are increasingly used by children and young adults as compared to others, and hence they are highly exposed to its negative impacts. As reported by Lenhart, Purcell, Smith and Zickuhr (2010), nearly 72% online young adults extensively used social networking websites on a daily basis as of 2013. The major social media websites used by youngsters include Facebook, Twitter, and You Tube. Today teens and young adults consider social media as a vital part of their life, but they do not recognize the detrimental effects of such social websites on their social skills and personal interactivity. Generally formation of basic social skills including

Protagonist and a Chorus Essay Example for Free

Protagonist and a Chorus Essay Aurthor Miller the author of A View from the Bridge shows an interest in his writing across the variety of novels he has written has been about the average person. The play was set in the 1950s. The key elements of a Greek tragedy are that it has a Protagonist and a Chorus.  The play starts with the chorus speaking to us, announcing the scene and sets a happy feeling. Marco and Rodolfo, immigrants in America, cause friction within the family located on the docks. Throughout the play Eddies Character goes through the tragic arc. At the end of the play this friction develops into Eddie getting killed. We would see a hero being brave when things start getting tough, helping people who need that aid, just like how Eddies character followed at the start of the play. Unfortunately we see Eddie following the role of a tragic hero a hero that tries to be a stereotypical hero but fails miserably. Eddie, Protagonist of the play, is presented as being a stereotypical Hero. I promised your Mother on her deathbed. Im responsible for you. A side of Eddie being heroic as he brings up Catherine as her Mother has passed away. The audience look up to Eddie as being a role model as he is seen to be a generally caring person gaining the readers respect. You aint all the girls. Eddies speech when he is replying to Catherine as she talks about how her clothes are suitable. It shows us how Eddie is looking out for her which is a hero aspect but we also see a side of him that he is being too over protective and perverted which can seem to be quite disturbing. Beatrices cousins Marco and Rodolfo come over from Italy to visit. When are you going to stop fancying her Beatrice addresses to Eddie that she knows how he feels towards Catherine, also saying how it is wrong as he is looking at other women rather than his wife which could be quite upsetting to Beatrice. When am I gonna be a wife again this is another sentence that Beatrice uses to show us as the audience how annoyed she is about the situation of Eddie and Catherine. We understand this quote to basically say when he is going to forget about Catherine and show more time with Beatrice. Eddie makes a dramatic fall within the tragic arc when he kisses Catherine to spite Rodolfo. As she strives to free herself he kisses her on the mouth. Eddie having a Wife and also being a Uncle to the girl he just kissed as we already know at this part of the novel Eddie wants to be more than just her uncle, the audience would find this very vulgar and disturbing. Eddie did this almost to brand her to show Rodolfo that Catherine is Eddies property and not his. Rodolfos character reacts to the kiss as he lunges towards Eddie with anger, pins his arms, laughing and suddenly kisses him. Eddie does this purely to humiliate Rodolfo; we can see this from the work used laughing as Rodolfo could not fight back. The kiss that Eddie gave to Rodolfo was a message to tell Rodolfo that he is physically stronger than him and also to embarrass him in front of Catherine. The audience of the 1940s may find it inappropriate as homosexuality was discouraged so the kiss would of brought a shocking impact upon the audience as they thought Eddie was a hero that people to look up to but instead he is turning out to be the villain that nobody likes. Miller makes the moments very dramatic by using effective stage craft, when Eddie calls the immigration burro. The phone is glowing in light now. Light is out on Alfieri. Eddie has at the same time appeared beside the phone. Being in a spotlight the audience focuses on Eddie, the audience knows what he has to say at that moment will be dramatic. The lightings emphasis on how important this scene is so the audience needs to engage. Miller uses Eddies action to create an effect on the other characters. Look, im sick and tired of it; im sick and tired of it! Beatrice has reacted very aggravated towards Eddie because of the trouble he has caused that has built up throughout the novel, she explodes with anger. Repeating the phrase shows how Eddie has pushed other close characters towards him to limit. The audience now look at him to be the opposite of a stereotypical hero; instead he is a tragic hero. Eddie tries to redeem himself by allowing Catherine freedom however he does not offer he full freedom as he still tries to prevent her from being with Rodolpho. I mean now you got a new job, you might meet some new fellas.Eddie by saying this, we see him at least trying to be the person we saw at the start of the play, but after Eddies previous actions it is too later and there is no hope for him. Eddie has never given Catherine a choice ever since she was growing up, he decides to at this time to reform himself and be the hero as the audience used to know him as at the beginning of the play. Miller follows the idea of a tragic arc which is the layout of a Greek tragedy. We see this happening when after causing his own family to turn against him, when he thought his actions were acceptable he now tries to redeem himself so we see as a hero again. Characters close to Eddie are disgraced with his actions after failing to redeem himself, so all eyes are set on Eddie as he is the one to blame for the immigration officer knocking on the door. Hes a rat. He belongs in the sewer Catherine expresses her feelings towards Eddie as she sees the man she loves being taken away. The connotations of rat are, unwanted, vermin, and horrible she says the hurtful things to him to express how angry she was towards him. Eddie is seen again to be the villain of the play, as all he has caused it upset between him and the other characters. Just before we see the end of the play, Macro gives us hints as to how it might end Hes praying in the church? Marcos last rights before he faces Eddie he does this to confess that he may die. Marco knew at this time that the only hope for this feud to end between them is if they battle it out like men. The audience at this time feel tense and anxious to what will come next knowing that something could end terribly wrong. The play ends with Eddie being stabbed by his own knife. Oh, B! hes last words as Beatrice holds him in her arms as he falls. Like almost every tragic hero conceived by man, Eddies own actions are the cause of his destruction. The knife took Marco by surprise, but throughout the play Macro is a character that is quite wise in the way he can pick up a chair with one hand using his own body weight but Eddie couldnt. When Eddie went for the lunge with the knife towards Marco, Marco deflected that lunge back towards Eddie, ending by him killing himself due to brutal strength. The audience might predict that he would die with Catherine holding him; since she was the one he was obsessing over the whole time.

Health Care Using Visual Aids Health And Social Care Essay

Health Care Using Visual Aids Health And Social Care Essay Tonks in Safer by design report points out that there is a great need for good design for medicine, and more attention should be paid to health care design. The NHS is seriously out of step with modern thinking and practice with regard to design (Tonks, A., 2008). Moreover recent studies conducted by Spinillo and Padovani focused on information design aspects in effectiveness of medicine inserts, showed that deficiencies in typography and confusing visual instructions affect task performance and information comprehension (Spinillo and Padovani, 2009). Well designed information can be crucial for improving patient-doctor communication and prevent from misinterpretation, which can have serious consequences. Paling recommends using visual aids wherever possible, to maximize understanding. Good visual aids can help the viewer to see the risk numbers in context, thus providing information and not just data. Furthermore he states For many patients, truly informed consent (or indeed dissent) is difficult to achieve without visual aids. According to Palings studies use of a simple visual aid can also improve the doctor-patient relationship. When simple visual communication tools are shared between doctor and patient, they offer an opportunity to deepen the bond between them. The closer the doctor-patient partnership, the more likely the patient is to be satisfied (Paling, J., 2003 also Buetow, S., 1998). Concluding Paling urges that more research is needed on how different strategies, particularly use of visual aids, help patients to understand risk. Similar studies have already assessed analogous visual tools such as the Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale widely used to help patients communicate their level of pain (Paling, J., 2003). Furthermore he suggests that research should assess how differences in culture, age, and gender affect patients perception of risks. Few studies have examined how different groups respond to risks of any kind, and no studies seem to have investigated which approaches are the most effective for communicating medical risks to different populations (Paling, J., 2003). Figure 1. Wong-Baker Faces Scale From Wong DL, Hockenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Schwartz P: Wongs Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 6/e, St. Louis, 2001, P. 1301. Recently Dartey and colleagues looked at improving communication for patients with chronic pain using affective graphic design; also scales inspired by Wong-Baker faces. Designed leaflets concerned patients with low literacy skills and intended to aid accurate timing for medication taking. According to Darteys research using visual metaphors to facilitate healthcare communication to low-literacy patients stimulates the mind and aids adherence, however, it requires verbal explanation from the health professionals. It should also be developed in collaboration with the target community taking into account their cultural settings (Dartey et al., 2009). Figure 2. UCSF Computer generated medication calendar (UCSF TODAY 2007) Machtinger and colleagues present the success of a visual system implemented by UCSF research team in America. This new visual system creates a weekly computer generated calendar for patients on medication allowing them to see what medication they need to take and how much on a daily basis. Patients receive also written instructions in English and in their native language (Fig 2). The system aims to prevent miscommunication between doctor and patient, allowing the patient to have full understanding of the daily dosage of their medication. A system that concentrated on visual aspects in particular worked well for patients that suffered from memory loss and aided the communication of information to other nationalities. This system created by UCSF supports the use of visual aids to communicate messages to various groups of people, in particular enhancing effective communication across language barriers. Machtinger et all. suggest that visual symbols and use of colour coding can aid doct or-patient communication and improve mutual understanding (Machtinger et all., 2007). Mansoor and Dowse investigated the effect of pictograms on readability of patients information materials. According to the findings of their research presence of pictograms had a positive effect in the acquisition and comprehension of drug information. Moreover participants expressed an overwhelming positive desire for pictograms in their drug information (Fig. 3) (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). Researchers stressed that in order to stimulate interest; drug information should be user-friendly, attractive, and easily accessible. Evaluating consumer or patient preference through open-ended questions best assesses these features. This form a crucial part of design process of patients information materials This forms a crucial part of the design process of patient information materials as it provides us with valuable information on how to improve the physical appearance and the readability of the leaflets, thereby making the leaflets more comprehensible. Leaflets with the appropriate tone, length, and design can do much to aid responsible medicine taking say researchers. According to this study, it was evident that the Z-fold leaflet including pictograms was the preferred format and design (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). Figure 3. Nystatin suspension medicine labels (actual size of labels used 4.70 ÃÆ'- 7.85 cm) (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). The following features successfully contributed to the location and understanding of the information: 1. short, easy-to-read and highlighted headings for navigating through the leaflet; 2. bullet points and broken paragraphs as opposed to solid text for attracting attention; 3. large spaces between paragraphs and important points rendering the leaflet less intimidating; and 4. large print size that improved legibility. Features that detracted from complete understanding of the information included: 1. the shaded box was ineffective in attracting attention and was often ignored; and 2. the length of the leaflet was a deterrent that sometimes hindered attention span. (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). Suitably designed and tested drug information can improve compliance rates, satisfy patient information needs, and educate patients on the correct use of their medication (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). It also plays an important role in empowering patients to become more active participants in their health care. A more informed patient enables greater participation in the decision-making process, resulting in a positive impact on medicine-taking behavior and health outcomes. It is, therefore, essential that information provided on medicine labels and PILs should be patient oriented, relatively brief, concise, and comprehensive. (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). Review of literature on use of pictorial aids in medication instructions done by Katz and colleagues seams to prove that the use of pictorial aids enhances patients understanding of how they should take their medications, particularly when pictures are used in combination with written or oral instructions (Katz et al., 2006). Also Houts and colleagues in their review state that, according to existing research, pictorial aids improve recall, comprehension, and adherence (Houts et al, 2006). According to their findings there is evidence that people prefer pictures in health messages that are culturally sensitive and include representation of people like themselves and therefore they are more likely to notice these messages. However they couldnt find any experimental studies which compare attention given to culturally targeted and generic health messages. (Houts et al, 2006). Houts brings out Levie and Lentzs research example. They convey study on pictures in education cite which shows, that children prefer stories with pictures to ones without, furthermore audio-visual presentations are considered as more enjoyable and interesting if accompanied with picture (Levie and Lentzs, 1982). Houts points out that particular audience can respond differently to certain pictures and therefore health educational materials should be first tested with intended audience (Houts et al, 2006). Delp and Jones study suggests that addition pictures to health education text draws patients attention and will increase the chance that the text will be read. Leiner et all. research compares non-illustrated leaflet in opposition to a video tape with animated cartoons explaining the need for a polio vaccine. Both the leaflet and video contain the same information. Scores for animated cartoon group were significantly higher than the group with printed information given. Houts et all. reviewing existing studies noted that verbal health information accompanied by pictures helps remember and also recall these information. Houts literature search shows that almost all of studies found in educational data base reported that written or spoken text with pictures are better than text alone. This is called the pictorial superiority effect in educational research. The effect, according to researchers speculation, is caused by greater brain activation evoked by pictures. However no study was found to prove that the pictorial superiority effect was greater for particular type of content or pictures. Houts et all. stressed that more research is needed, especially on the conditions that maximize pictures effects. Houts gives also useful practice implications for designing the information: Educators should: ask how can I use pictures to support key points?, minimize distracting details in pictures, use simple language in conjunction with pictures, closely link pictures to text and/or captions, include people from the intended audience in designing pictures, have health professionals plan the pictures, not artists, evaluate pictures effects by comparing response to materials with and without pictures (Houts et al, 2006). Houts et all. stressed that pictures can change adherence to health instructions, however emotional response to pictures affects whether they increase or decrease target behaviors. The research suggests that all patients can benefit, but patients with low literacy skills are especially likely to benefit. Patients with very low literacy skills can be helped by spoken directions plus pictures to take home as reminders or by pictures plus very simply worded captions (Houts et al, 2006) Green and Myers argued that graphic stories and adult themed comics are an innovative and creative way to learn and teach about illness. Juxtaposing text and image can be beneficial especially for people with low literacy skills, learning difficulties; elderly people (Kripalani et al., 2007) can also be helpful in communication with young patients. Powerful visual messages convey immediate visceral understanding in ways that conventional texts cannot say authors (Green and Myers, 2010). Figure 4 . Cancer Vixen: a personal story of breast cancer Green and Myers research has shown how combining pic ­tures and text enhances understanding, as the activities of reading and viewing activate dif ­ferent information processing systems within the brain. (Mayer R.E., Sims V.K.,1994). This combination also fosters con ­nections between new information and existing knowledge, thereby increasing recall of health information, especially among those with low literacy. This process is even more effective when pictures overlap with text, are explana ­tory, and are engaging (Green and Myers, 2010). Green and Myer say that graphic pathographies can also help patients and their families better understand what to expect of a certain disease (Fig. 4) (Green and Myers, 2010). Research conducted by Coad and collegues exploited using art-based techniques in engaging children and young people in healthcare. The study looked at how art-based techniques and activities can be applied for use in consultation work and/or research projects with children and young people. In Coads research three art-based activities of using photographs, drawings/posters or collages and mapping techniques were considered in terms of application to field work. (Coad, J., et al., 2007) Art-based techniques, says Coad, give children and young people the opportunity to articulate their feelings through their own visual representations, including those with writing and/or language difficulties, one major challenge is understanding what the art-work means to them (Coad, J. et al., 2007).

Response of Fredrick Douglass to Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher S

Fredrick Douglass' Response to Uncle Tom's Cabin      Ã‚   Frederick Douglass was arguably the most prominent African American abolitionist during the mid-19th century. He established his notoriety through his narrative entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave published in 1845. Frederick Douglass also produced an African American newspaper, Frederick Douglass' Paper, which highlighted the reception and critiques of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Frederick Douglass praised Uncle Tom's Cabin through not only his writing but in the critiques and letters contained in his newspaper. It is important to look at these reviews to understand Douglass' intentions. However, C.V.S. from the Provincial Freeman critiques Douglass' hypocrisy in his critique of Uncle Tom's Cabin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Douglass provided a forum in his newspaper for critical reception of book. The first critique of Uncle Tom's Cabin that appeared in Frederick Douglass' Paper was by William G. Allen in the form of a letter. Overall his letter praised the novel; however, he did respond negatively to the colonization and racialism in the text. Another regular contributor to Douglass' newspaper named William J. Wilson, signed Ethiop, wrote a review praising the novel's reception in New York City. Ethiop writes, "This species of abolitionism finds its way into quarters here, hitherto so faced over with the adamant of... ...e Harris." Provincial Freeman. 22 Jul. 1854, unpaged. Douglass, Frederick. "Letter to Mrs. Stowe." 8 Mar. 1853. Frederick Douglass' Paper. 2 Dec. 1853, unpaged. Ethiop. "Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin." Frederick Douglass' Paper. 17 June 1852, unpaged. Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. 24 Mar. 2002  Ã‚   http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/.   Levine, Robert S. "Uncle Tom's Cabin in Frederick Douglass' Paper: An Analysis of Reception." Uncle Tom's Cabin: A Norton Critical Edition. Ed. Elizabeth Ammons. New York: Norton, 1994. 523-542. Railton, Stephen. Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture: A Multi-Media Archive. 24 Mar. 2002 < http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/utc/. >    Response of Fredrick Douglass to Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher S Fredrick Douglass' Response to Uncle Tom's Cabin      Ã‚   Frederick Douglass was arguably the most prominent African American abolitionist during the mid-19th century. He established his notoriety through his narrative entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave published in 1845. Frederick Douglass also produced an African American newspaper, Frederick Douglass' Paper, which highlighted the reception and critiques of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Frederick Douglass praised Uncle Tom's Cabin through not only his writing but in the critiques and letters contained in his newspaper. It is important to look at these reviews to understand Douglass' intentions. However, C.V.S. from the Provincial Freeman critiques Douglass' hypocrisy in his critique of Uncle Tom's Cabin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Douglass provided a forum in his newspaper for critical reception of book. The first critique of Uncle Tom's Cabin that appeared in Frederick Douglass' Paper was by William G. Allen in the form of a letter. Overall his letter praised the novel; however, he did respond negatively to the colonization and racialism in the text. Another regular contributor to Douglass' newspaper named William J. Wilson, signed Ethiop, wrote a review praising the novel's reception in New York City. Ethiop writes, "This species of abolitionism finds its way into quarters here, hitherto so faced over with the adamant of... ...e Harris." Provincial Freeman. 22 Jul. 1854, unpaged. Douglass, Frederick. "Letter to Mrs. Stowe." 8 Mar. 1853. Frederick Douglass' Paper. 2 Dec. 1853, unpaged. Ethiop. "Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin." Frederick Douglass' Paper. 17 June 1852, unpaged. Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. 24 Mar. 2002  Ã‚   http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/.   Levine, Robert S. "Uncle Tom's Cabin in Frederick Douglass' Paper: An Analysis of Reception." Uncle Tom's Cabin: A Norton Critical Edition. Ed. Elizabeth Ammons. New York: Norton, 1994. 523-542. Railton, Stephen. Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture: A Multi-Media Archive. 24 Mar. 2002 < http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/utc/. >   

Symbolism in The Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat Essay -- Farming

Symbolism in The Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edwidge Danticat's novel, The Farming of Bones is an epic portrayal of the relationship between Haitians and Dominicans under the rule of Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo leading up to the Slaughter of 1937. The novel revolves around a few main concepts, these being birth, death, identity, and place and displacement. Each of the aspects is represented by an inanimate object. Water, dreams, twins, and masks make up these representations. Symbolism is consistent throughout the novel and gives the clearly stated and unsophisticated language a deeper more complex meaning. While on the surface the novel is an easy read, the symbolism which is prominent throughout the novel complicates the audience's interpretation. The reader is left to look beyond the language and uncover the underlying themes of the novel. Through symbolism Danticat is able to use inanimate objects to represent each of her character's more deeply rooted problems. In order to prove this theory true, I w ill thoroughly examine the aforementioned symbolic devices and provide a clear interpretation of their significance in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first example of symbolism we encounter is in the first chapter and comes in the form of dreams. When Amabelle and Sebastian open up to one another it is through their shared experiences, which are most usually, their dreams. They are able to be the most themselves when they are not in real life experiences, though it sounds like an oxymoron, the juxtapose between dreams and reality says a great deal about the characters. Dreams are essentially escapes from reality, and when Amabelle and Sebastian share their dreams with one another it serves as an escape. It becomes clear that they share the desire to escape, but escape from what exactly, their pasts, presence, or futures? This implication of escape prepares readers for the escapes made by the lovers near the end of the story. On page 2 Amabelle says of her nocturnal escapes, "It's either be in a nightmare or be nowhere at all. Or otherwise simply float inside these remembrances, grieving for who I was, and e ven more for what I've become." This quotation implies that that even her life has become a nightmare. Readers can infer that a good night's sleep would be Amabelle's only chance of escape. Her nightmares are destroying her life, and her life... ...he offered it to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Farming of Bones is not only an amazing work of literature, but a wonderful example of post-colonial literature. It has all the classic experiential images; dualism, confrontation, liberation, and identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The presence of symbolism throughout the novel is undeniable. Each of the symbols in the work are representative of a certain aspect of the characters lives. Dreams showed readers the desire of characters to escape their realities. The twins that Senora Valencia gives birth to are clearly meant to represent the neighboring nations of Haiti and The Dominican Republic. Water is primarily symbolic of life and death, but in this case readers are expected to come to their own conclusions regarding the river. Using these symbols allows the author to make discrete yet important additions to her writing without disrupting the format of the novel. Aside from serving as a benefit to the authors writing style, they can also be seen as an artistic addition which brings the entire novel to a different level. The use of symbolism in The Farming of Bones is not only extraordinarily well written but also completely essential to the story as a whole.

Essay --

Cloning Cloning may have many dangerous processes, reproductive cloning, the creating of a new organism, and cloning, the creation of a new tissues or other biological products such as food animals plants people and other stuff, which affects the human society which is not good at all. Scientists says cloning may benefit all men and women, religious leaders stress the idea of cloning to be a bad process that should never happen and they should get rid of the idea. Human cloning may serve as an aid to the children and parents with problems, cloning is not good at all to human life to see as a product to make money off or to be lazy. Humans reproductively and mentally give the idea of people becoming a product rather than a living human being. Taylor emphasizes that â€Å"reproductive cloning could also represent an enormous step in direction of transforming human procreation into human life†. In other words, reproductive cloning will create a world full of dolls that will remove every trace of living beings which is not a good thing to have. Though it is hard to believe the world becoming a doll house for each family, it has come to a conclusion that the ability of cloning and creating children is questioning everybody about cloning and how it will effect the world. what does it mean to be a human think about it. If it was not bad enough for this world to describe some of the people to be looked upon as nothing but a thing or be made fun of, cloning pushes the idea to a whole new level. By opening the door to things such as manipulation with doubles it could get really bad. Caplan states, as she despe rately explains the fear in cloning, â€Å"of wanting to be someone else, it can treat them as objects instead of person,† To even add ... ...ly fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because it’s got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasn’t changed what I think about my topic. 6. "A Plasmid Toolkit for Cloning Chimeric Cdnas Encoding Customized Fusion Proteins into Any Gateway Destination Expression Vector." n.d.: n. pag. Print. This source is a very useful source. It compares with the other articles because it’s about cloning. The information in the article is reliable. This source is objective. The goal of this source is to tell people what we don’t know about cloning. The text in this source could easily fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because it’s got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasn’t changed what I think about my topic.

Politics Administration Dichotomy Essay

By discussing some of the advantages and disadvantages of administration and politics dichotomy, an opinion of whether it is useful or impossible will be made. Wilson’s politics administration dichotomy refers to the idea that administrative decisions need to be made without political influence. One argument to this is that politics has transformed, let’s say, the role of a city manager from a neutral expert to a problem solver and dichotomy should be replaced with an expanded base of professional values for them. Advantages and Disadvantages of Politics and Administration Dichotomy  An advantage of having politics and administration dichotomy is that administration would not be driven by politics. Although politics give work to administration, it should not be able to make it do what it wants. Politics is a process by which disagreements and conflicts are worked out, ending with laws and policies through legislation. The purpose of politics is to provide political guidance to public administration. Political guidance is formulating and clarifying the public’s preferences and then communicating them to the public administrators. The job of a public administrator is to provide neutral competence to the policy process. The politicians would not get involved in administration and the public administrators would have no involvement in shaping policies. Public administrators would have the role of being neutral experts who carry out the policies of the council. In order to be neutral the administrator should minimize their identification with political positions, avoid undermining the political power of elected officials, and not get involved in the battle of politics to ensure rational administrative decisions rather than bargaining based decisions. If each public administrators and elected officials perform their tasks as assigned, the democratic accountability and planning ability of public administrators will likely increase. The disadvantage of politics administration dichotomy is that there would be no interaction and incorporation of administrative contributions in the design and the implementation of public policy. It also shields administrators from scrutiny and serves the interests of elected officials who can pass responsibility for unpopular decisions to administrators. This strict separation of policy makers and service deliverers can lower the quality of governance and service. Then there is the topic of ethics. Neither professional standards nor individual conscience can be alone the framework for public administrative ethics but both are present. So, the downside of dichotomy is there would not be a flow of ideas and concerns between the politicians and the administrators. I think dichotomy is almost impossible to have when it comes to politics and administration, but that word should be replaced by a set of rules and values that both can follow. The politicians should set the goal and the public administrators pave the path. I believe there needs to be communication between the two on certain topics as well. I like to use analogies, so the one that comes to mind is the relationship between officers and NCOs in the army. Officers (being the politician) and NCOs (being the public administrators) need to have a professional relationship. The officer comes to an NCO with a task (goal, mission, policy, etc. ). It is the NCO’s job to make sure his or her soldiers’ (which would be the public in this case) accomplish the task. Regardless if the NCO agrees with the task or likes it (unless it is unsafe/illegal), it is their job to make it happen. Some officers will welcome feedback from the NCO if he or she disagrees with the task. Some officers just demand and expect. How well the NCO organizes and handles the task with his or her soldiers will have an impact on how well it will get done. The way the NCO disseminates the task can also have an effect on how the soldiers view the officer. If the NCO agrees with the task or policy that is given, it is easier for him or her to accomplish it. I know I find it difficult to do something I don’t want to. Usually, a well-respected NCO will be able to have their soldiers accomplish any task given to them. The part where this analogy fails is that soldiers do not vote in their officers. As a public administrator, the hardest part would be to hide my beliefs and views on things, especially if I’m the one who has to implement them.

Hwangs trying to find Chinatown version4 Essay

Race has been a root of a lot of discords and wars for many centuries. From the past to the present, the world has been divided into different sides just because of this. However, the conflict that is caused by ethnicity is not only between people. Oftentimes, it is also between a person and himself. Many people from marginalized ethnic groups face internal struggles due to their incapability to accept their history, status and nationhood. They cannot accept their identity as a member of a certain race. However, people should accept their identity as a person belonging to a certain group of people. The reasons for this are numerous. First of all, acceptance of one’s own identity helps make a person satisfied and happy. Second, a person who cannot accept his identity is ashamed, not only of his race, but also of himself. Third, failure to accept identity prevents people from uniting and advancing a certain cause. Last and most importantly, of all aspects of identity, ethnicity, whether by blood by culture, is something that cannot be changed forever. These arguments will be explained in the following paragraphs using the experiences and opinions of Benjamin and Ronnie, as expressed in the play Trying to Find Chinatown. First, acceptance of one’s own identity helps make a person satisfied and happy. This is because that person has less to desire or wish for. On the contrary, a person who cannot accept his own identity is often dissatisfied and unhappy. Aside from the things that he need and desire such as money, food, success, popularity and friends, he will have an additional desire that is difficult to obtain. He will want to escape his own race and be part of another, which he believes to be better and more superior. This may be shown by the attitudes of Ronnie and Benjamin in the play. Of the two, Benjamin seems to be happier and more satisfied. In fact, he is more at peace. He is able to achieve this happiness from simple things such as the sounds of screaming in Cantonese and Sze-Yup in Chinatown (Hwang 1484). He is happy remembering his father chasing the boys who was shouting to him, â€Å"Gook! Chink! Slant-eyes† (Hwang 1482). He is also at peace sitting on a stoop on Chinatown while sucking hua-moi because he feels at home and he is happy to China as his home (Hwang 1484). This is the exact opposite of how Ronnie feels. He views himself to be nobody (See 1484) because he thinks his ethnic group is not important in the world, thus he cannot get a sense of pride for just being a part of it. While it takes simple things to make Benjamin happy, it also takes simple things to make Ronnie unhappy. He is unhappy using chopsticks, seeing ducks hanging on windows of restaurant and eating dim sum (See Hwang 1483). It is true that there are other factors like wealth and education that determines a person’s happiness and satisfaction. However, what differentiates a person who accepts his race from the one who does not is that, for the latter, satisfaction is always not possible. Despite his riches and the things he achieved, he will always have that secret desire to have a different identity. Second, a person who cannot accept his identity is ashamed, not only of his race, but also of himself. He will always be in denial of what he is. For example, in the play, Ronnie repeatedly denied being a part of the Chinese community such as that one that may be found in Chinatown. For him, such types of places do not tell anyone anything about who he is (See Hwang 1483). He takes any association of himself with his ethnicity as an insult. In the beginning of the play, Benjamin asked Ronnie where Chinatown is and the latter got mad because he though the former chose him to ask because he is Chinese (Hwang 1480). He even tries to hide his ethnicity through his clothes (See Hwang 1480). On the other hand, no trace of this shame as regards his race may be found on Benjamin. In fact, he is the one who tells people that China is his roots (See for example Hwang 1481). He takes pride of his history and his ancestors. Such pride in his background helps him to be proud of himself. Third, dissatisfaction with ethnicity prevents people from uniting and advancing a certain cause. On the contrary, satisfaction will help people achieve unity. Even just between Ronnie and Benjamin, this inability to unite is evident. Instead of being on the same side, they argue on the worth of being Chinese. Ronnie finds being part of a community that has opium dens, chopsticks, ducks, Ms. Saigon and dim sum is not something worth being a part of. On the other hand, Benjamin defends Chinese communities based on these features and more; like the sweets, the railroads and the workers. (See Hwang 1481, 1483-1484) If they cannot unite as between themselves, it is very difficult to imagine them fighting for the cause of their community together. This may be compared to the group of Asian students in the Midwest who went on hunger strike despite the probability that they have not experienced directly the evils they are fighting against (Hwang 1481-1482). Due to their acceptance of their ethnicity, they were able to identify with each other and unite to fight for a cause. Last and most importantly, of all aspects of identity, ethnicity, whether by blood by culture, is something that cannot be changed forever. It is ingrained in the way one talks, speaks and lives everyday. Even for someone like Benjamin who is not ethnic by blood, the Chinese culture has been ingrained in him from his childhood. Therefore, this culture becomes rooted in him too deep that it becomes a part of his identity. This cannot be uprooted easily. As a consequence, the dissatisfaction, shame and other things that arise from dissatisfaction will also stay. Therefore, a person like Ronnie may be able to assimilate to another culture and lead another mind. However, deep in the recesses of his mind, and in his heart, he knows that he does not belong and that there are people who will think such. Therefore, he will always be defensive of his status and ashamed of his past. In conclusion, people should accept the fact that they belong to a certain ethnic group. First of all, this will help them become satisfied and happy. Second, a person who cannot accept his identity is ashamed, not only of his race, but also of himself. Third, failure to accept identity prevents people from uniting and advancing a certain cause. Lastly, ethnicity, whether by blood by culture, is something that cannot be changed and will remain as part of a person’s identity forever.

Economic system in Malaysia Essay

Identify and evaluate the nature of economic system in Malaysia. Discuss the rationale of Malaysia’s economic system in terms of utility maximization attainment and pricing mechanism for distribution of goods and services. Kenal pasti dan nilai bentuk sistem ekonomi di Malaysia. Bincangkan rasional-rasional sistem ekonomi Malaysia dari segi pencapaian pemaksimuman utiliti dan mekanisme penetapan harga untuk pengedaran barang-barang dan perkhidmatan. Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy which lies in Southeast Asia. It is composed of 13 states and 3 federal territories and separated by the South China Sea into 2 regions including Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. The country became independent on 31 August 1957. Since then, it has been able to be as one of countries which have the best economic records in Asia, and it has been progressing with an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. From 1971 to 1990, the government strived to eradicate poverty by New Economy Policy (NEP) and outline perspective plan 1(OPP1). The NEP policy was replaced with another program known as National Development Program (NDP) from 1991 to 2000 which the NDP` target was development of a united and just society. From 2001 to 2010, National Vision Policy (NVP) based on its target which was sustainable development performed. In order to achieve long-term plan`s targets should medium term plans (EPU) and short term plans (Annual planning) accurat ely plan and perfectly perform. According Malaysia Economic Monitor, December 2013 Edition High-Performing Education by The World Bank, The Malaysian economy recovered from a soft patch in early 2013 with growth accelerating between the second and third quarters of the year. On a sequential basis, GDP expanded at a quarter-on-quarter, annualized rate of 6.8 per cent over the previous quarter, up from 5.8 per cent in the second quarter and a contraction of 1.1 per cent in the first quarter. This left real GDP higher by 5.0 per cent in the third quarter of 2013 from the same period in 2012, with growth for the first nine months of the year at 4.5 per cent. Growth over the past two quarters came in lower than previous forecasts mainly due to a more negative  contribution from inventories and exports, while consumption performed better than expected and import growth lagged. As a result, GDP growth is now expected to moderate from 5.6 per cent in 2012 to 4.5 per cent in 2013. Growth was driven by robust expansion in private sector consumption and green shoots in external demand, reflected in large contributions from the services and manufacturing sectors. Sectors catering to domestic demand especially services, contributed 3.1 percentage points to total GDP growth. Within services, the largest contributions came from government services, retail trade and real estate and business services. Net exports contributed positively to growth for the first time in two years in the third quarter, supporting growth in the manufacturing sector, which contributed another 1.0 percentage point to GDP growth. Across East Asia, the performance of the Malaysian economy followed a pattern seen in most other regional economies where a weak first quarter was followed by sequential improvements. Notable exceptions were Indonesia and the Philippines, where growth decelerated throughout the year. Malaysia has achieved significant economic and social progress over the past several decades. However, the world economy is changing, and Malaysia needs a fundamentally new economic model in order to become a high-income nation. Our historical growth engines are slowing, we risk being caught in a middle-income trap, our fiscal position is arguably unsustainable while global competition for markets, capital and talent is increasingly intense. Thus the government commence the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) represents a marked change in approach that builds on the Tenth Malaysia Plan and input from the National Economic Advisory Council (NEAC). The ETP focuses on key growth engines or National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs). It relies heavily on private sector-led growth, describes very specific investments and policy actions and has a clear transparent implementation roadmap with strong performance management. This strong economic performance has helped improve the quality of life for Malaysians and supported advances in education, health, infrastructure, housing and public amenities. There are three factors to be considered for these strong economic performances which are high income economy, inclusiveness and sustainability. The Government defines high income as a per capita income USD15, 000 or RM48, 000 in 2020, based on the World Bank’s current definition of high income. Malaysia’s per capita gross national income (GNI) is currently about RM23, 700 or USD6, 700. Therefore, achieving high-income status by 2020 will require GNI to grow at an annual real growth rate of 6 percent between 2011 and 2020.The Government’s high-income objective is not just a quantitative target. It is also about Malaysia becoming an advanced, developed nation with an economy possessing the characteristics that are common to developed nations. Specifically, Malaysia will focus on developing large and thriving services sector to supplement the nation’s historical strengths in oil and gas, agriculture and manufacturing. Developing balanced economy with significant contributions from private consumption and investment as well as from government spending and exports. In developed countries domestic demand typically accounts for 50 to 70 percent of GDP. In Malaysia it is currently 53 percent and productivity levels similar to those of other leading Asian economies. Achieving this will require developing an economy that is more heavily driven by skills, innovation and knowledge. These three structural shifts in the economy will support Malaysia’s on-going growth and will enable Malaysia to compete more effectively with other developed nations in the region and beyond. The way in which Malaysia grows to achieve this high-income target will be inclusive in nature, enabling all Malaysians to share in the benefits. The Government will encourage employment-rich growth that creates new higher-wage jobs. We will also invest in education and training to ensure that more Malaysians are able to participate in these new opportunities. A key focus will be on ensuring that substantial improvements are made for people with the lowest household incomes. Specific attention will be paid to lifting the incomes of the bottom 40 percent of households, with a target of increasing the mean monthly income of this group from RM1, 440 in 2009 to RM2, 300 in 2015, as stated in the Tenth Malaysia Plan. The measures we take to achieve high-income status must be sustainable in both economic and environmental terms, meeting present needs without  compromising those of future generations. In economic terms, growth will have to be achieved without running down Malaysia’s natural resources. Malaysia will not achieve high-income status simply through the income derived from extracting Malaysia’s natural resources. In addition, Malaysia’s fiscal policy will be made sustainable. There will be a much stronger focus on investment led by private sector that will avoid reliance on government funding. As stated in the Tenth Malaysia Plan, the Government is committed to reduce its fiscal deficit from 7 percent in 2009 to 3 percent in 2015. In environmental terms, the Government is committed to the stewardship and preservation of our natural environment and non-renewable resources. The Government will ensure that environmental resources are properly priced and that the full costs of development are understood before investment decisions are made. In Malaysia, government had been set up few policies and agencies to promote the industrial sector to the foreign investors and encourage domestic and foreign investment grow up. With promoting industrialization and capital inflow from foreign investment, it will boost up the economic growth and with the policies should ensure that Malaysia’s rapid development towards achieving National Economic Policy and Vision 2020. Malaysia has reached a defining moment in its development path. Vision 2020 is not possible without economic, social and government transformation. To move the country forward, the government has crafted a framework comprising pillars to drive change. Government has few supportive polices that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profits have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia has become partners with the public sector in achieving the nation’s development objectives. There are three main supportive government policies such as liberal equity policy, employment of expatriates, and attractive tax incentives (Siew Ee et al., 1987). Liberal equity policy is the policy to allow foreign investors in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector can hold 100% equity for all investment in new projects, as well as investment in expansion or diversification projects by existing companies irrespective of their level of exports. Employment of expatriates is one of the supportive government policies for foreign companies in the manufacturing sector are allowed to employ expatriates where certain skill not available in Malaysia. With a foreign company paid-up capital above USD 2 million will be allowed up to 10 expatriate posts including five key posts that are permanently filled by foreigners. Malaysia’s government offer a low company tax rate is attractive at 27% and is applicable to both resident and non-resident companies. Malaysia also offers a wide range of tax incentives for manufacturing projects under the Promotion of Investment Act 1986 and the Income Tax Act 1967. The main incentives are the Pioneer Status, Investment Tax Allowance, Reinvestment Allowance; Incentives for the Setting-up of International/ Regional Service- based Operations. An economic system is the combination of the various agencies, and entities that provide the economic structure that defines the social community. Malaysia has adopting mixed economic systems. Mixed economic system is an economy where there is more government intervention than in a free market economy. Many of the activities of production, distribution, and exchange are undertaken by central government, but where there is more economic freedom for the individual than in a command economy. Mixed economy is also an economic system in which both the state and private sector direct the economy, thus reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies. Most mixed economies can be described as market economies with strong regulatory oversight, in addition to having a variety of government-sponsored aspects. The Elements of a mixed economy is basically to include a variety of freedoms such as to possess means of production like farms, factories, stores, to participate in managerial decisions in cooperative and participatory economics, to travel (needed to transport all the items in commerce, to make deals in person, for workers and owners to go to where needed), to buy the items for personal use, for resale; buy whole enterprises to make the organization that creates wealth a form of wealth itself), to sell (same as buy), to hire (to create organizations that create wealth), to fire (to maintain organizations that create wealth), to organize (private enterprise for profit, labor unions, workers’ and professional  associations, non-profit groups, religions, etc.), to communicate (free speech, newspapers, books, advertisements, make deals, create business partners, create markets).

A Critical Analysis of Ground Handling Service Benchmarking at European Hub Airports Essay

This paper will critically analyze a paper published in the International Journal of Production Economics in January 2009 (Volume 117, Issue 1) (Schmidberger, Bals, Hartmann, & Jahns, 2009) concerning the development and application of a Performance Management System (PMS) for air-side crews in some of the major European hub airports. This study is valuable in that the benchmarking principles established here are relevant to other industries since the same process for developing this holistic benchmarking process can be adapted and applied to generic business processes. See more: how to write an analysis This critique will focus on three major components of this discussion of the benchmarking process, first the conditions that increase the demand for benchmarking considerations prior to benchmarking, and the problems benchmarking can be used to fix. Second, this paper will analyze Schmidberger’s discussion of the development of the PMS including its integration with the business strategies of associated corporations. The third and final section of discussion will be concerning the discussion of the post-validation of the PMS and recognition of performance gaps and potentially under-emphasized sections of the study. The Under-Emphasized Demand for Benchmarking Performance in the aviation industry is extensively studied and evaluated on quite a routine basis. Due to the high levels of competition and often relatively slim profit margins enterprises in aviation are constantly seeking ways to cut costs and increase efficiency (SAS Group, 2005). Ways of increasing efficiency are often classified into two major categories, vertical and horizontal integration (Sitkin & Bowen, 2010). Horizontal integration involves taking a firm’s existing business processes to a new market to expand market share, this can be difficult for airlines, and often they will elect to enter into code-sharing agreements with competitors in the new markets rather than complete expansion into these potentially saturated areas. This leaves vertical integration as a very attractive option for expansion and efficiency improvements, the process for this integration involves the analysis of both upstream and downstream components of the value chain. This is where ground handling should be considered, however both airlines and airports tend to focus on other areas such as overall airport performance with very little emphasis on such a critical component of the airline industry (Francis, Humphreys, & Fry, 2002). Deregulation has also had a large effect on the demand for airport comparisons and benchmarking. Opening the market for airside ground services up to a wider range of firms is excellent in terms of encouraging healthy competition and an open market; however it also introduces choice to airlines and airport authorities. For these choices to be made effectively there must be more research done into the ability of firms to replace traditional ground handling service providers (such as government or airport supplied entities). The research currently done in the post-deregulation era of European aviation has focused on several key areas such as financial, qualitative, political, or ecological perspectives (Murillo-Melchor, 1999). While these studies are useful from an overall airport efficiency standpoint, they do not place sufficient focus on ground handling to allow entities to decide who should provide their services. This is a specific division of aviation that has a larger impact on overall efficiency than the majority of current studies indicate, Schmidberger’s critique does a good job of recognizing this and discussing developing benchmarking processes accordingly. Developing a Standardized PMS in a Non-Standardized Industry A difficulty with a standardized PMS of airside airport services stems from variations in the management and governance of ground services. While major airports often have several firms operating the ground services, others may use a department integrated with the airport authority itself. Still others may simply allow for airlines to establish their own corporate ground service bases to work independently of other generic airport services (Fuhr & Beckers, 2006). Applying any standardized measurement system to something so non-standardized presents quite a challenge, if the PMS is too flexible or broad it will not be able to adequately express enough detail to be useful, if it is too rigid it simply won’t apply to all of the airports and doesn’t allow for change in an inherently volatile industry. Schmidberger’s critique of the PMS established throughout European airports is very positive, though it does not place a very high emphasis on establishing this need for balance between detail and flexibility. Schmidberger’s report contrasts his proposed PMS with the usual methods of evaluation currently in use at several airports. Most of these measurement systems define airside ground services as subsets of other larger firms (such as airport authorities or airlines) (Chow, Heaver, & Henriksson, 1994), this is not necessarily an accurate representation of these ground service entities seeing as in many cases they are quite separate from associated parent companies or completely separate entities wherein logistics are a primary function. While the establishment of this contrast in Schmidberger’s report certainly has value, it fails to note that in some cases these logistics divisions are quite heavily influenced by and even directly run by airport authorities or other enterprises (Francis, Humphreys, & Fry, 2002). This results in the aforementioned problem concerning applying a standardized measuring system to a highly diverse environment. The study should certainly consider the potential for ground handling entities to operate as separate entities placing logistical goals as their highest priority, though it should also make allowances for those entities that rely on collective corporate resources and function as a division of a company with a non-logistic primary focus. Post-Validation of New Benchmarking Systems Schmidberger’s report transitions into the application and post-validation of the new benchmarking systems with an identification of performance gaps as a result of the measurement phase in accordance with a study by (Jarrar & Zairi, 2001). This section quickly becomes difficult to analyze as a whole seeing as the hub-based focus of these benchmarking tactics involved a diverse use of ground handling entities for loading various types of aircraft. Schmidberger begins by dividing the results according to general aircraft size: wide body, narrow body, or regional jets. While this is an effective way of summarizing results it contrasts to the FAA and ICAO methods of classifying aircraft according to weight and/or seating capacity. The gaps identified using the new benchmarking systems and analyzed by Schmidberger’s report are concerning labour costs, overhead structures, net-availability of employees, procurement quality, and process quality. These categories result in quite a holistic summary of the efficiency of these ground service entities, a point that Schmidberger explains early and often throughout the entirety of his report. This being said, certain areas studied such as overhead and labour costs are not appropriately weighted to offset the benefits of smaller operations working on lower weight and/or capacity aircraft, at the same time revenue differences resulting from working with larger aircraft are not discussed. An interesting analysis would be a discussion of the potential for larger scale operators to use increased revenues to offset costs of damaged unit load devices, as the number of devices damaged (another measured factor in the benchmark) is not a very accurate measurement statistic if greater revenues more than offset the cost of devices. This benchmarking process takes steps to increase the transparency of ramp service providers, whether they are affiliated with airlines, airports, or independent entities. This increased operational transparency could be considered a major threat to any competitive advantage that firms had established through proprietary practices. Schmidberger recognizes the potential for this problem and addresses it by stating that the entry of new market entities presents a greater threat than the sharing of information between existing airside ground handlers. While this may be true, Schmidberger presents it as a fact without any justification. This leads to a potential for further research into whether or not new entrants to the market have taken advantage of the results of this study or if previous leaders in efficient airside ground services are seeing practices they have developed being used by their competition. Unfortunately this study would depend on the integrity of studied entities to truthfully disclose whether they used this study to discover new competitive strategies or if they developed them in-house. Conclusion The report analyzed by this article presents a comprehensive, holistic perspective on the planning, development, and post-validation of new benchmarking processes in the major European airport hubs. Schmidberger accounts for several shortfalls of the benchmarking process, effectively emphasizes the importance of this benchmarking and discusses the implications benchmarking has upon the dynamic aviation industry. Another key strength of this paper is that it successfully synthesizes the results of the study and the literature review of existing summary quickly and clearly, allowing greater focus on why benchmarking is necessary, how it is established, and how well it performed. This analysis discusses a number of shortfalls of Schmidberger’s report, while these shortfalls do not detract from the value of his analysis; they leave room for improvement of future discussion. Firstly Schmidberger does not go into very significant detail concerning the level of detail the PMS should strive for; he mentions that the study may not be applicable to many airports due to the generalizability of the study, though doesn’t discuss ways of varying the weighting and specifics of the study to account for a more flexible range of variable resulting in more reproducible results at a wider range of airports. Secondly this report could factor in the level of integration airside ground handling units have with parent companies or larger non-logistic-based firms, or at least discuss that this level of involvement could greatly influence the results of the study by varying the amount of capital and resources available to the entities. Schmidberger defines the classification of aircraft in the study, though a more comprehensive study could have discussed further the reasoning behind these classifications, such as why a deviation from general ICAO and FAA classifications was chosen and how this selection benefits or detracts from the study. A final consideration for the improvement of future studies in this field would be to establish and cite original research that supports Schmidberger’s claim that the participants in the study were not negatively affected by the increased operational transparency associated with the benchmarking process. A concise, engaging, and well-informed piece, Schmidberger’s Ground handling services at European hub airports: Development of a performance measurement system for benchmarking discusses many general benchmarking and competitive advantage issues in a specific industry environment. This allows for direct application of the lessons learned in the studies analyzed to the aviation industry but also provokes thought of the application of these principles and considerations to other industries through a balanced and reflective approach.

Persuasion and Jane Austen Book Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Persuasion and Jane Austen Book Club - Essay Example In persuasion by Jane Austen, Lady Russell manages to convince Ann that Wentworth is not the best suitor for her leading to Ann turning down Wentworths proposal of marriage. Lady Russell takes advantage of her position in the Elliot family where she has played the role of a mother since the death of Ann’s mother to persuade not to marry Wentworth. Lady Russell together with the rest of Ann’s family believed in the â€Å"value for rank and consequence† (Austen 11) which was the basis of their opposition to the union between their family and Wentworth. Wentworth is not a wealthy individual and therefore represented a lower class compared to that of Ann who is from a lineage baronet. Lady Russell is in this case concerned with Ann’s future since Wentworth cannot promise to sustain her. Lady Russell uses the power of persuasion to control what becomes of Ann’s future. The ability Lady Russell that possess is well highlighted in Austin’s descripti on of the woman who is depicted as being â€Å"a woman of sound rather than quick abilities...she was a benevolent, charitable, good woman...most correct in her notions of decorum...she had a cultivated mind, and was, generally speaking, rational and consistent--but she had prejudices on the side of ancestry" (Austen 42). Although some might consider the influence Lady Russell has over Ann as a selfish disposition that does not take into consideration feelings of her goddaughter, she was motivated by her protective love of Ann. Lady Russell had concerns over the future of her â€Å"most dear and highly valued god-daughter, favorite, and friend† (6). She is therefore worried that just like Anne’s mother was blindly consumed by romance to marry Sir Walter Elliot who is seen as being irresponsible due to careless spending that leaves the family in debts. To avoid what a future in which Lady Russell sees Ann turning suffering for the wrong choice she makes at the monument, she warns Ann â€Å"you’re making the same mistake

Summary of the film -- the flowers of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of the film -- the flowers of war - Essay Example In 84th Academy Awards, the film was selected as the best foreign language film though it never made to the final list. The film also was nominated for the sixty-ninth Golden Globe Awards. The Awards of sixth Asian film presented this film with several nominations including the Best Film. The distribution rights in North America were acquired which led to qualification to Oscar limited where it was released in Los Angeles and San Francisco in 2012. In 1937, Japan invaded China, which led to beginning of the Second Sino War of Japan. The Imperial Japanese army overrun the Nanking the China’s capital city in December where they carried a systematic and brutal massacre in Nanking. The Chinese Army was overpowered by the invading Japanese Army, the desperate school-going girls fled to the protective walls of the convent at Western Roman Cathedral. At this place John Miller, who an American mortician was tasked with burying the priest met with the schoolgirls (Yan and Harman 55). He found a boy there by the name George, who was an orphan, rose by the dead priest and had some English proficiency. The boy was an age mate to most of the girls. After a short while a group of prostitutes came to the Cathedral, they took refuge where they hide in the cellar. Miller pretended to be a priest and tried to make everyone safe as he repaired the convents truck and used it to escape. After an incident when the Japanese forces assaulted the cathedral, Japanese Colonel promised to secure the Cathedral by placing some guards outside the gate and requested the students to sing the chorale for him. He later gave Miller an official invitation for the girls to go and sing at the Japanese Army celebration for their victory, but he feared their safety he declined. The Colonel told Miler that it was an order and that they were to be picked

Business Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Failure - Essay Example Moreover, the individuals within both the corporations also projected the fact that this amalgamation would facilitate their individual pathways to success. The observable fact is that the stockholders of both the corporations had given their management a green signal in regards to this amalgamation. Furthermore they had also highly recommended and supported the act. Nobody could even remotely predict what was to follow the amalgamation. Soon after the amalgamation was signed, it seemed that both the corporations individually were not even treading close to their routine work path; instead somehow, they were treading way from their usual successful modes of operations. Routine after the amalgamation, though, was totally diverse, mainly at the Chrysler division. And in the following months, their stock prices plunged down by an approximate one half. The Chrysler division, which had seemed to be lucrative earlier to the amalgamation, began trailing upon their wealth shortly afterwards. The management then presumed at that point in time that they would somehow carry this on. In accumulation to this, there had been noteworthy number of layo ffs at Chrysler following the amalgamation. This had not been projected prior to the act of the amalgamation (CNNMoney,2001). The reason of failure: The dissimilarities within the culture linking the two associations were mainly accountable for this collapse. The processes along with the administration were not effectively incorporated as contemporaries as of the completely diverse ways within which the Germans also Americans functions: whilst Chrysler and Daimlers customs strained upon a more official and controlled administration style, Chrysler privileged a more comfortable, non-interventionist style, to which it billed a big part of its pre amalgamation economic triumph. Additionaly, the two divisions conventionally held utterly diverse outlooks on vital effects like salaries also travel expenditures (Vlasic and Stertz, 2000). As a consequence of these disparities along with the German unit's mounting supremacy, routine and worker happiness at Chrysler gave way to a sharp recession. There had been big numbers of variations amongst the key Chrysler executives also engineers, even as the German unit became ever more discontente d with the routine of the Chrysler division. Chrysler workers, in the meantime, became enormously displeased with what they professed as the foundation of their division's tribulations. The idea that Daimler wanted to execute included taking over the entire corporation and enforcing their culture in it. The Cultural standards materialize to make individual corporations more competent by producing a communal perceptive that supports statement also action. Nevertheless, when two united corporations vary in their principles; this can generate a basis of divergence and misinterpretation that precludes the merged corporation from comprehending the economic competence. The corporations conjecture that the degree of these differences are unforeseen as spectators spotlight on concrete aspects of the company's exercises like that of expertise, resources, as well as

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example This makes the Crown Court the higher court of prime instance in criminal cases. Nevertheless, for some purposes, the Crown Court remains hierarchically ancillary to the High Court and Divisional Courts which fall under the High Court, on one hand. On the other hand, the Magistrates’ Court stands and operates as a lower court where all proceedings of criminal trials start from. Civil matters, particularly, family proceedings may also start at the Magistrates’ Court. The Magistrates’ Court have been streamlined and modified to help in fast and cheap delivery of justice. In England and Wales alone, there are 360 Magistrates’ Courts. The foregoing clearly shows that there are similarities and differences in the manner in which magistrates’ Courts and Crown Courts operate and the different roles they dispense. Also known as Justices of the Peace, magistrates serve as unpaid trained members of the local community. This is because magistrates are local pe ople who volunteer their services to the community. According to Macnair (2007, 678-679), although magistrates will not require formal legal qualifications, yet they are required to undertake a training programme including prison and court visits, in order to help magistrates acquire necessary skills. Magistrates are given procedural and legal advice by qualified clerks. On the converse, District and Crown Court judges are strictly qualified, full-time professionals on payroll and usually, are based in larger cities. Again, unlike magistrates’ court judges, District and Crown Court judges attend to more sensitive and complex court cases. Presently, there are about 30,000 magistrates, 150 district judges and 170 deputy district judges who operate in the approximately 330 magistrates’ courts in Wales and England. Given that magistrates do not need legal qualifications to discharge their duties, they are advised and helped in court on legal procedures and matters of law a nd legal practice by Justices’ Clerks. Assistant Justices’ Clerks also partake in this responsibility (Bell and Dadomo, 2006, 339). Unlike Crown Court judges, magistrates preside over less serious criminal cases such as motoring offences, the failure to pay council tax, TV licenses and vehicle excise license and misdemeanor. Magistrates may therefore commit to Crown Courts, more serious cases such as murder, rape and manslaughter. The same judges may deal with lighter legal duties such as enforcement of court fines, search warrants, court fines and right of entry applications. According to Carlen (1975, 378), cases may be brought to magistrates’ courts by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). In the event that a defendant has pleaded not guilty, a trial may be held, with the magistrates listening to, viewing and analyzing the evidence that has been adduced before the court of law, deciding on agreed facts and facts [which are] in dispute and considering whether t he case has been proven beyond reasonable doubt. In case a suspect has been found guilty or the suspect has entered a guilty plea, the magistrates may proceed to issue a court sentence by using sentencing guidelines and structured decision making processes which define the expected penalty for typical offences. The magistrate judges will also take note of case law and practice directions from higher courts and are also given advice in court by a legally qualified and competent adviser (Riddle and Jones, 2013, 750). In the event th